1 Basic Concepts

Question 1

What are the 3 major components with a similar developmental origin?

Answer 1

Bone
Skeletal muscle
Connective tissues

Question 2

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 2

Support
Protection
Metabolic (Ca, P)
Storage (fat)
Movement
Haematoopoeisis

Question 3

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

Answer 3

Locomotion
Posture
Metabolic (store glycogen)
Venous return
Heat production
Continence

Question 4

What are tendons?

Answer 4

Contain lots of collagen, little elastin
Don’t stretch much
Connect muscle to bone

Question 5

What are ligaments?

Answer 5

Support bone to bone

Question 6

What are fascia?

Answer 6

Sheets of connective tissue
Used for compartmentalisation of muscle
Protection
Superficial fascia fatty

Question 7

What is the role of articular cartilage in bone?

Answer 7

Hyaline cartilage
Slippery to decrease friction
Blue/grey

Question 8

What is the role of fibrocartilage in bone?

Answer 8

Shock absorption
Increase bone congruity
Stronger than articular
Found in knee

Question 9

What is the role of the synovial membrane?

Answer 9

Secretes synovial fluid for joint and tendon lubrication

Question 10

What is the bursa?

Answer 10

Synovial fluid-filled sacs to protect tendons, ligaments etc from friction

Question 11

Why is CaPO4 present in ECM of bone/connective tissue?

Answer 11

Calcified
Gives bone strength
Contributing to compressive strength

Question 12

What is the role of collagen in ECM of bone?

Answer 12

Gives high tensile strength

Question 13

What are the roles of osteoblasts?

Answer 13

Build bone

Lay down osteoid

Question 14

What are the roles of osteoclasts?

Answer 14

‘Macrophage’ of bone
Dissolve away bone to liberate Ca2+
Multinucleated

Question 15

What are osteocytes?

Answer 15

Trapped osteoblast in bone

Detect force owing through bone

Question 16

What are the 5 types of bone?

Answer 16

Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone

Question 17

What are long bones for?

Answer 17

Good lever

Question 18

What are flat bones for?

Answer 18

Protection

Question 19

What are short bones for?

Answer 19

Work together to perform task

With many together, gives points of attachment for ligaments and tendons

Question 20

What are sesamoid bones for?

Answer 20

Form within tendons to protect tendons

Question 21

What are bony prominences for?

Answer 21

Muscle attachments

Size indicates what kind of muscle attaches, whether it’s powerful or not

Question 22

What are the 5 surface features of bones?

Answer 22

Bony prominence
Grooves - related to nerves
Fossa - depressions for bone prominence to sit
Notch - for nerves
Foramen - holes for nerves and blood vessels

Question 23

What is avascular necrosis?

Answer 23

Bone dies due to deprivation of blood supply, particularly important in fractures of the scaphoid and neck of femur

Question 24

What are the 2 important things to consider with joints?

Answer 24

Range of movement

Stability

Question 25

What are the 3 classes of joints?

Answer 25

Fibrous - move least Cartilaginous Synovial - move most

Question 26

What are fibrous joints?

Answer 26

Collagen fibres joining bones Very limited mobility Found where great strength/stability are required

Question 27

What are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 27

Cartilage acts as glue holding bones together Limited mobility Found at ends of growing bones or along midline of adult body (intervertebral discs)

Question 28

What are synovial joints?

Answer 28

Separate bones are capped by smooth articular cartilage with a thin film of synovial fluid separating them Frequently highly mobile Found all over skeleton

Question 29

What are the types of synovial joint?

Answer 29

``` Plane Hinge Pivot Saddle Condyloid Ball and socket ```

Question 30

How do synovial joints develop?

Answer 30

Bone is made from a cartilage template, surrounded by perichondrium Some cartilage cells die off and create a space between 2 bones Incomplete apoptosis occurs so ligaments are formed across the gap Perichondrium is a continuation of the periosteum which goes around the joint

Question 31

What are the 3 classes of levers?

Answer 31

``` First-class lever - lifting chin up, scissor motion Second-class lever - standing on tip toes, wheelbarrow motion Third-class lever - holding object in hand and bringing towards body, tweezer motion ```

Question 32

What is the origin?

Answer 32

Usually the stationary proximal anchor point

Question 33

What is the insertion?

Answer 33

Usually the mobile distal attachment point

Question 34

What happens if the insertion point is fixed?

Answer 34

Origin and insertion are inverted

Question 35

Can muscles pull or push?

Answer 35

PULL ONLY | But don’t always shorten

Question 36

What is concentric contraction?

Answer 36

Muscle pulls while shortening | E.g. biceps curl

Question 37

What is eccentric contraction?

Answer 37

Muscle pulls while lengthening | E.g. knee extensors walking downhill

Question 38

What is isometric contraction?

Answer 38

Muscle pulls while staying same length

Question 39

Where are muscles found?

Answer 39

Within fascial compartments | Compartments have one nerve and blood vessel suppling the whole muscle

Question 40

What are the 5 types of muscles?

Answer 40

``` Parallel - lengthen lots, not powerful Fusiform - more muscle fibres Circular (sphincter) Triangular - diversity in action Pennate (feather shaped) - don’t shorten much, very powerful ```

Question 41

What causes skin creases?

Answer 41

Adhesion of skin to underlying fascia

Question 42

What is the aponeurosis?

Answer 42

Tissue that slides over underlying tissues Rich in collagen E.g. on scalp