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OBGYN > 1. Basic Terminologies > Flashcards

1. Basic Terminologies Flashcards

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1
Q

Define obstetrics.

A

The branch of medicine which deals with pregnancy, childbirth and it’s related problems

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2
Q

Define gynaecology.

A

The branch of medicine which deals with the pathological conditions of the Female Reproductive System.

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3
Q

Define Gravida.

A

The total number of confirmed pregnancies a woman has had, regardless of the outcome including the current pregnancy.

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4
Q

Define Nulligravida.

A

A woman who has never been pregnant

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5
Q

Define Primigravida.

A

A woman who is pregnant for the 1st time

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6
Q

Define Multigravida.

A

A woman who has had more than 1 pregnancy and is pregnant now.

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7
Q

Define Parturient.

A

A woman who is in labour.

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8
Q

Define parity index.

A

The number of births a woman has had after the period of viability including the current pregnancy.

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9
Q

Define Nullipara.

A

A woman who has never given birth.

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10
Q

Define primipara.

A

A woman who has given birth once.

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11
Q

Define multipara.

A

A woman who has more than 2 births after the period of viability.

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12
Q

Define Grand Multipara.

A

A woman who has had 5 or more births after the period of viability.

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13
Q

Define Puerperium.

A

The period of time from after delivery till 6 weeks, in which the Female Reproductive Organs returns to their non-pregnant state

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14
Q

Define LMP (Last Menstrual Period)

A

It’s calculated from the 1st day of the LMP.

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15
Q

What is the Naegele’s Formula and what’s it used for?

A

N. F : Used to calculate the EDD.

LMP + 9 months + 7 days = EDD

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16
Q

Define Labour

A

It is a pregnant woman with the onset of regular contractions (2 contractions in 10 mins lasting 20s each) with effacement, show and dilatation of Internal OS.

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17
Q

How many stages are there in labour?

A

3 stages

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18
Q

Define 1st Stage of Labour

A

1st Stage of Labour is divided into 2 phases, Early Labour and Active Labour. Early Labour is the period from onset of contractions till dilation of Internal OS up to 3 cm. Active Labour is from 3 cm dilatation to full dilatation (10 cm)

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19
Q

A primigravida pregnant woman presents to the OPD at 1200 with labour pains and contractions. She is 4 cm dilated. What is her expected time of delivery? Justify your answer.

A
  • 1900

Bcoz 1 cm takes 1 hr and full dilatation is 10 cm. In primi, need to add 1 hour.

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20
Q

Define 2nd Stage of Labour and how long does it take?

A

It’s the period from full cervical dilatation till the baby is delivered. (1 hr)

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21
Q

Define 3rd Stage of Labour.

A

It’s the period from delivery of baby till delivery of the Placenta and membranes.

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22
Q

Define Effacement.

A

A process in which the muscular fibres of the Cervix are pulled upwards and merges with the fibres of the Lower Uterine Segment.

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23
Q

Define Quickening.

A

The perception of 1st foetal movement by the mother

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24
Q

Define Attitude.

A

The relation of foetal parts to one another

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25
Define Presentation.
The anatomical part of the foetus which is closes to the pelvic inlet, right before birth.
26
Define Presenting Part.
The anatomical part of the foetus which leads the way through the birth canal
27
Define Lie of Foetus.
Lie of the foetus is the relationship between the long axis of the foetus with respect to the spine of the Mother.
28
When is a baby termed as pre-term?
When a baby is born between 22 weeks - 37 weeks and 6 days
29
When is a baby termed as early term?
When a baby is born between 37 weeks - 38 weeks and 6 days
30
When is a baby termed as full term?
When a baby is born between 39 weeks - 40 weeks and 6 days
31
When is a baby termed as late term?
When a baby is born between 41 weeks - 41 weeks and 6 days
32
When is a baby termed as post term?
When a baby is born from 42 weeks onwards
33
Define P.R.O.M (Pre-mature Rupture of Membrane)
It is the spontaneous rupture of membrane, any time beyond the 28th week of pregnancy, but before the onset of labour. (Leaking per vaginum)
34
Define abortion.
It is the induced expulsion of an embryo of foetus weighing 500g/less before the period of viability.
35
Define miscarriage.
It is the spontaneous abortion/pregnancy loss of a foetus from the womb before the period of viability
36
State the 6 types of miscarriages commonly seen.
1. Threatened miscarriage 2. Inevitable miscarriage 3. Complete miscarriage 4. Incomplete miscarriage 5. Missed miscarriage 6. Recurrent miscarriage
37
Define a threatened miscarriage
It is a miscarriage that has started but recovery is still possible.
38
Define a inevitable miscarriage
It is a miscarriage in the pregnancy has progressed to a state where continuation of the pregnancy is not possible.
39
Define a complete miscarriage
It is when the entire product of conception is expelled from the uterine cavity.
40
Define a incomplete miscarriage
It is when the entire product of conception is no expelled, instead a part of it is still left inside the uterine cavity.
41
Define a missed miscarriage
When a foetus is dead and retained inside the uterus for a variable period of time.
42
Define a recurrent miscarriage
When a woman has had 3/more consecutive pregnancy losses < 20 weeks gestation OR with a foetal weight < 500 g.
43
Which of the 6 types of miscarriages is most commonly seen?
Incomplete Miscarriage
44
Define a Septic Abortion.
An abortion associated with clinical evidence of infection of the Uterus and it's contents.
45
Define an Ectopic Abortion.
It is the implantation and development of an fertilized ovum outside the normal endometrial cavity.
46
An ectopic abortion is commonly seen in ... ?
Tubal/Ampulla (97%)
47
Define an Episiotomy.
It is a surgically planned incision on the perineum and posterior vaginal wall during the 2nd Stage of Labour.
48
Define a Caesarean section.
It is an operative procedure where a foetus is delivered through an incision on the abdominal and uterine wall of the Mother.
49
Define an I.U.D (Intrauterine Foetal Death)
It is the foetal death weighing 500g/more, occuring during pregnancy or during labour.
50
Define an I.U.G.R (Intrauterine Growth Restriction)
It is a condition in which a baby's weight is below the 10th percentile of the average weight for the gestational age.
51
Define Antepartum Haemorrhage
It is bleeding from the genital tract of a pregnant woman at 24 weeks of gestation or more, before the onset of labour.
52
Define Placenta Previa
A condition in which the placenta totally/partially covers the mother's cervix.
53
Define Placental Abruption
A condition in which there's pre-mature separation of the placenta from the inner wall of the Uterus, after the period of viability, before childbirth.
54
Define Postpartum Haemorrhage
It is when the mother loses more than 500 ml of blood following delivery.
55
What is the normal amount of blood loss expected during vaginal and C-sec. delivery?
- Vaginal Delivery : 500 ml | - C-sec. Delivery : 1000 ml
56
Define a Hydatiform mole
It is the abnormal condition of the placenta when there's a partly degenerative and partly proliferative changes in the young chorionic villi.
57
Define Gestational Diabetes
It is a condition in which a woman without diabetes, may have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy and it also includes woman with gestational impaired glucose tolerance.
58
Define Gestational Hypertension
It is a condition in which a sustained rise in BP to 140/90 mmHg or more, on at least 2 occasions, at 6 or more hours apart, beyond the 20th week of pregnancy OR during the 1st 24 hours after delivery, in a previously normotensive woman.
59
Define Pre-eclampsia
It is a multisystem disorder in which HTN (Mild : > 140/90, Severe : > 160/110) and Proteinuria (> 300 mg in 24 hours) is seen for the 1st time.
60
Define Eclampsia
It is a severe complication of pre-eclampsia, associated with GTC Convulsions and/or Coma.
61
Define Hyperemesis Gravidarum
It is vomiting during pregnancy, esp. 1st Trimester, which is mainly seen in a multiple pregnancy.
62
Define anaemia in pregnancy
It is when the Hb. concentration is less than 10.5 g per dL OR below 2 standard deviations of the mean value, in venous blood.
63
Define Puerperal Pyrexia
It is the rise in temperature reaching 38 degree celsius or more, measured orally, on 2 separate occasions at 24 hours apart (excluding 1st 24 hours) within 10 days following delivery.
64
State 5 common causes of Puerperal Pyrexia.
1. Puerperal Pyrexia 2. U.T.I 3. Mastitis 4. Wound infection 5. Pulmonary infection
65
Define menstruation
It is the cyclic physiological uterine bleeding due to shedding of endometrium.
66
Define Menorrhagia
It is characterized by bleeding at normal intervals, either in excess amounts (> 80ml per cycle) or duration (> 7 days) or both.
67
Define Metrorrhagia
It is characterized by irregular, acyclic bleeding.
68
Define Menometrorrhagia
It is characterized by very irregular and excessive bleeding, that the menses cannot be identified at all.
69
Define Amenorrhea
It is the absence of menstruation.
70
Define Oligomenorrhea
It is characterized by menstrual bleeding occuring more than 35 days apart and remains constant at that frequency.
71
Define Hypomenorrhea
It is scanty menstrual bleeding lasting for less than 2 days.
72
Define Polymenorrhea
It is characterized by cyclic bleeding, in which the cycle is reduced to an arbitary limit less than 21 days and remains constant at that frequency.
73
Define Dysmenorrhea
It is characterized by painful menstruation of sufficient magnitude, that it incapacitates the patient from carrying out daily activities.
74
Define A.U.B (Abnormal Uterine Bleeding)
It is uterine bleeding without any clinically detectable organic, systemic or iatrogenic causes. It is characterized by abnormality in frequency, duration or both.
75
Define Engagement
It is when the greatest diameter of the foetal head (Biparietal Diameter) has passed the plane of the pelvic brim, the foetal head is said to be engaged.
76
Define Denominator
An arbitary bony fixed point on the Presenting Part, which comes in relation with various quadrants of the Maternal Pelvis.
77
Define Position
It is the relation of the Denominator to various quadrants of the Maternal Pelvis.
78
Define Sinciput
It is the area lying to the Anterior Fontanelle or corresponding to the area of Brow.
79
Define Occiput
It is the area limited to the Occiput bone.
80
Define Vertex
It is a quadrangular area bounded by : - Anteriorly : Bregma and Coronal Suture - Posteriorly : Lambda and Lambdoid Suture - Laterally : Lines passing through Parietal Eminence
81
Define Brow
It is the area bounded by Anterior Fontanelle and Coronal Suture, Root of the Nose and Supraorbital ridges.
82
Define Face
It is the area bounded by the Root of the Nose, Supraorbital ridges, Junction of the Floor of the Mouth and the Nose.
83
Define 'Crowning of the Head'
It is when the maximum diameter of the Head (Biparietal Diameter) stretches the vulval outlet without any recession of the Head, even after the contractions are over.
84
When is the 'Crowning of the Head' usually seen?
2nd Stage of Labour
85
Define Retraction
It is a phenomenon of a Uterus in labour, in which the muscle fibres are permanently shortened and do not return to their original length.
86
Define Show
It is the expulsion of the cervical mucosal plug along with blood.
87
Define Lochia
It is the vaginal discharge seen after delivery.
88
Define a Partogram
It is the graphical representation of birth events against time on a graph.

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