1. Bioenergetics

Question 1

Energy and mass relationship

Answer 1

E=mc^2

Question 2

Describe the plasma state

Answer 2

nuclei and electrons separated

Question 3

Hydrogen exists as a _________in plasma state

Answer 3

proton

Question 4

Formation of _______ from _______ hydrogen atoms is one of the most common nuclear reaction in solar plasma.

Answer 4

helium

Question 5

What are the FOUR states of matter?

Answer 5

solid, liquid, gas, plasma

Question 6

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 6

The total energy of the universe is constant and cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 7

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 7

Disorder of the universe increases in all natural processes

Question 8

Most EN atom in biological systems

Answer 8

Oxygen

Question 9

Strongest bond in biomolecules

Answer 9

N-N triple bond

Question 10

Run through functional groups on slide 18 and 19

Answer 10

Okay

Question 11

Free energy (G): It is an amount of energy capable of doing work during a reaction at constant temperature and pressure. When a reaction proceeds with release of free energy, the free energy change DeltaG has a negative value and the reaction is called __________. Opposite is __________ reaction in which there is gain of free energy.

Answer 11

exergonic

Question 12

When there is release of heat during a reaction it is referred to as __________ reaction and the DeltaH is negative. Opposite is __________ reaction with DeltaH positive.

Answer 12

exothermic

Question 13

There is always an increase in entropy or gain of entropy of the overall system in any reaction (deltaS is always +). True or false?

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

free energy equation

Answer 14

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

Question 15

_________ is most compact, ordered form of energy

Answer 15

mass

Question 16

Delta G for biological reactions is equal to?

Answer 16

0

Question 17

Cells are _________ systems i.e. they function at constant temperature and pressure.

Answer 17

isothermal

Question 18

Both plants and heterotropic cells use this nutrients and transform the free energy in nutrient into ATP or other energy-rich compound. This process is called __________.

Answer 18

catabolism

Question 19

The free energy stored in energy-rich compounds is used by the cell to synthesize various compound and ingredients and this process is called __________.

Answer 19

anabolism

Question 20

Where is the disorder found that is used by plants?

Answer 20

The sun

Question 21

equilibrium constant Keq =

Answer 21

Keq = [C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b

Question 22

standard free energy change equation

Answer 22

ΔG’° = -RTlnK’eq

Question 23

actual free energy change equation

Answer 23

ΔG= ΔG’° + RTln([C][D]/[A][B])

Question 24

What are the standard conditions at which standard free energy change of a reaction is determined?

Answer 24

298K (25 degrees Celsius) and 1 atm pressure with 1M products and reactants

Question 25

Why do we not use standard free energy values in our bodies?

Answer 25

concentration varies

Question 26

Four reasons for high energy of hydrolysis of ATP:

Answer 26

1.Resonance stabilization of products (inorganic phosphate product has 4 resonance forms)

Question 27

Why is 2 negatively charged oxygen's so much more stable than the ATP?

Answer 27

Magnesium co-ordinates with 2 of the negative charges to neutralize them

Question 28

Resonance stabilization of product lead to spontaneous reaction. Specifically how?

Answer 28

By increasing entropy!

Question 29

In living systems, electron flow from various electron carrier to oxygen and the ________________________ ____________ generated is utilized for various energy transduction reactions.

Answer 29

electromotive force

Question 30

Explain how to find oxidation number given structures

Answer 30

Count number of bonds to oxygen and every C-H bond is a -1

Question 31

Electrons are transferred from one molecule (electron donor) to another (electron acceptor) in one of the four different ways:

Answer 31

1. Direct electron transfers

Question 32

Nernst Equation

Answer 32

E = Eo + RT/nf ln [electron acceptor]/[electron donor]

Question 33

Nernst equation at 25 degrees

Answer 33

E = Eo + 0.026V/n ln [electron acceptor]/[electron donor]

Question 34

Free energy change equation when using reduction potential

Answer 34

ΔG = -nfΔE or

Question 35

Negative reduction potentials mean greater ability to get ________ (lose electrons)

Answer 35

Oxygen

Question 36

Draw out the mechanism of hydride ion transfer in NAD

Answer 36

Okay

Question 37

Give 4 qualities about metabolic pathways

Answer 37

1.Metabolic pathways are irreversible

Question 38

Homolytic and heterolytic cleavage difference

Answer 38

homolytic --> forms carbon radicals

Question 39

SN1 vs SN2

Answer 39

SN1 is ONE step at a time (LG leaves then Nuc- attacks) - Racemic

Question 40

Experimental approaches to study metabolism: (4)

Answer 40

1. Nutrient to Product via radio-labeled nutrients

Question 41

If something is in abundance, you know that its conversion step is being inhibited (used to study how well an inhibitor works)

Answer 41

iodoacetamide

Question 42

Describe the steps to how a genetic defect can cause problems in metabolism AND eventually be detected:

Answer 42

- Mutation in a particular gene