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Biomechanics > (1) Biomechanics Basics and Terminology-- Physics > Flashcards

(1) Biomechanics Basics and Terminology-- Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of FORCES and their effects?

A

mechanics

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2
Q

What is the branch of mechanics that deals with the geometry of the MOTION OF OBJECTS (including displacement, acceleration, velocity)?

A

Kinematics

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3
Q

What is the study of RELATIONSHIPS b/w the FORCE system acting on the body and the changes it produces in BODY MOTION?

A

kinetics

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4
Q

What uses the principle of mechanics for SOLVING PROBLEMS related to structure and function of biologic and physiologic systems?

A

Biomechanics

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5
Q

Do Scalars or Vectors contain magnitude only?

A

Scalars

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6
Q

What are the three aspects that pertain to Scalars?

A

Distance, speed, mass

magnitude only

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7
Q

Do Scalars or Vectors contain magnitude AND direction?

A

vectors

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8
Q

What are the six aspects that pertain to Vectors?

A

displacement, velocity, acceleration, weight, momentum, force

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9
Q

Is distance a Scalar or Vector quantity?

A

Scalar

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10
Q

Is displacement a Scalar or Vector quantity?

A

Vector

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11
Q

What is “how much ground an object has covered during its motion”?

A

distance

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12
Q

What is “how far out of place an object is” and is the overall change in position?

A

displacement

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13
Q

Are distance and displacement the same or different when moving in one direction in a straight line?

A

they are equal

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14
Q

Are distance and displacement the same or different when travel is not in a straight line?

A

different

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15
Q

Is speed a scalar or vector quantity?

A

scalar

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16
Q

What is “how fast an object is moving” and is the rate in which an object covers distance?

A

speed

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17
Q

Is velocity a scalar or vector quantity?

A

vector

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18
Q

What is “the rate at which an object changes its position”?

A

velocity

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19
Q

What is distance/time?

What is displacement/time?

A

speed

velocity

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20
Q

Is speed ignorant or aware of direction?

A

ignorant (can be instantaneous OR average)

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21
Q

Is velocity ignorant or aware of direction?

A

aware (DIRECTION MATTERS!!)

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22
Q

What does HVLA stand for?

A

High VELOCITY, Low Amplitude

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23
Q

For a HVLA chiropractic adjustment, describe the rate of displacement. Describe the amplitude.

A

Rate of displacement = RAPID

Amplitude = short depth

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24
Q

What is the rate at which an object changes its velocity?

A

acceleration

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25
Q

What is the equation for acceleration?

A

change in velocity/ time

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26
Q

Is acceleration a scalar or vector quantity?

A

vector

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27
Q

What two things does the direction of the acceleration vector depend on?

A
  • whether object is speeding up or slowing down

- whether object is moving in + or - direction

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28
Q

Is mass a scalar or vector quantity?

A

scalar

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29
Q

What is the mass of an object referring to? What is it measured in?

A

the amount of matter that is contained by the object–> how much stuff is present in the object

g or kg

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30
Q

Is weight a scalar or vector quantity?

A

vector quantity

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31
Q

What units is weight measured in and how is “weight” created?

A

N

is the force of gravity acting upon that object

the force with which gravity (Earth or any planet) pulls upon the stuff

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32
Q

What is the conversion of Newtons to kilograms to pounds?

A

10 Newtons = 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds

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33
Q

What happens to the gravitational attraction as the centers of the two bodies are moved farther apart?

A

it decreases (and vice versa)

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34
Q

When does gravitational attraction b/w two bodies change?

A

when the distance b/w their centers is changed

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35
Q

Is momentum a scalar or vector quantity?

A

vector

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36
Q

What is a term for “mass in motion” and the quantity of motion an object posses?

A

momentum

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37
Q

What is the equation for momentum?

A

mass x velocity

p = m x v

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38
Q

What is the relationship b/w momentum and mass and velocity?

A

momentum has a direct relationship with mass and velocity

  • is mass doubles; so does momentum
  • if velocity quadruples; so does momentum
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39
Q

What is the action (push or pull) upon a body causing it to deform or move? What is this measured in?

A

Force; measured in Newtons (N)

40
Q

Is force a scalar or vector quantity?

A

vector

41
Q

What is the required amount of force to give a 1kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s^2?

A

one Newton

42
Q

What is the equation for FORCE?

A

mass x acceleration

mass = quantity of matter that makes up a sample
acceleration = change in velocity over a unit of time
43
Q

What is Newtons First Law of Motion called?

A

the Law of Inertia

44
Q

What is the resistance to having its state of motion changed by application of a force?

A

intertia

45
Q

What is Newton’s First Law of motion state?

A

an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

46
Q

What is Newton’s Second Law of Motion called? How it is defined?

A

Law of Force and Acceleration

the acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object

47
Q

Which of Newton’s Laws is the Thompson Technique an example of?

A

Newton’s Second Law of Motion–> aka Law of Force and Acceleration

48
Q

What is Newton’s Third Law of Motion?

A

Law of Action and Rection

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

“think pairs”

49
Q

T/F. Every action force is met with an equal and opposite reaction force, and every action produces an equal and opposite reaction.

A

FALSE— yes, every ACTION FORCE is met with an equal and opposite REACTION FORCE–but.. every ACTION does not produce an equal and opposite REACTION

50
Q

What is the force that keeps a girl in place when shooting a basketball and which of Newton’s Law is this?

A

friction; Third Law of Motion (Law of Action and Reaction)

51
Q

What is the intensity of force perpendicular to the surface on which it acts?

A

Normal Stress

think of like “gravity” for us as chiro’s

52
Q

What is the intensity of force parallel to the surface on which it acts?

A

Shear stress

53
Q

When does Static Friction exist?

A

when two contacting surfaces are not currently sliding relative to each other but do possess the potential for movement

54
Q

What is the Coefficient of Static Friction for and what does it represent?

A

the ratio required to initiate a sliding motion b/w two bodies

represents the difficulty of sliding any given surface over another b/c of their textures (think about “interlocking,” grooves, scratches)

55
Q

What will a Static Friction Coefficient of 0.0 tell us? What about 1.0?

A
  1. 0 = friction less

1. 0 = maximum friction

56
Q

What is the Static Friction Coefficient for synovial joints? What is it for Kinetic Friction?

A

.01

.003

57
Q

What is the term for friction in cases when the two surfaces are already sliding relative to each other?

A

Kinetic Friction; aka dynamic friction

think of “bumping” into another, NOT interlocking

58
Q

What happens to friction force as soon as the applied parallel force exceeds static friction force and the object begins to slide?

A

friction force actually decreases

59
Q

What is the amount of magnitude of applied force acting over a give area? What is the equation for this? What is it measured in?

A

Pressure

P = F/A

pascals (Pa)
1 Pa = 1 N/m^2

60
Q

What is the performed when an object is displaced by the application of a force?

A

Work

61
Q

What is being performed when we do a chiropractic adjustment?

A

work!!!

62
Q

What is the equation for work and what is it measured in?

A

Force (N) x Distance (m)

joule (J)

1 J = 1 N x m

63
Q

Is work positive or negative?

A

can be BOTH

64
Q

T/F. When a lot of physical effort is involved and the object isn’t displaced, Mechanical work is still performed.

A

FALSE– no matter how much physical effort was involved on the part of the person, technically no Mechanical work was performed if the object wasn’t displaced

65
Q

What is the term for the energy an object possesses due to motion? What is this measured in?

A

kinetic energy

joules

66
Q

What effect do changes in velocity have on kinetic energy?

A

have large effects (due to being squared in the equation–> KE = 1/2 mv^2

67
Q

What is the kinetic energy of an object that isn’t moving?

A

0; is has NO KE

68
Q

What will cause the kinetic energy to change of an object?

A

when there is a net force doing work on an object

69
Q

What is term for the path of motion around a fixed axis and therefore in a circular path?

A

Angular Motion

70
Q

What is the term for time rate of change of angular position of a rotating body?

A

Angular velocity

degrees or radians per unit of time

71
Q

What is the term for the time rate of change of angular velocity of a rotating body?

A

Angular acceleration

72
Q

What is the term for the point about which a body rotates?

A

Axis of Rotation

73
Q

What is the term for the perpendicular distance from an axis of rotation to a line along which a force acts?

A

Lever arm— aka force arm or moment arm

74
Q

What is the term for the product of force and lever arm, the tendency of an eccentric force to rotate an object around an axis?

A

Torque

75
Q

What does a lever system consist of?

A

rigid or semi-rigid object (lever) that is capable of rotating about an axis (fulcrum)

76
Q

Describe the relationship of the fulcrum, load, and effort for a Type 1 Lever. Give examples.

A

fulcrum is b/w the effort and load/resistance

Ex: see-saw, claw hammer, opening paint can, scissors

77
Q

Describe the relationship of the fulcrum, load, and effort for a Type 2 Lever. Give examples.

A

load/resistance is b/w the fulcrum and the effort

Ex: stapler, wheelbarrow, nut cracker, car door

78
Q

Describe the relationship of the fulcrum, load, and effort for a Type 3 Lever. Give examples.

A

effort is b/w the fulcrum and load/resistance

Ex: fishing rod, broom, tweezers, tongs

79
Q

What is the most common type of Lever?

A

Type 3 Lever (effort is b/w the fulcrum and load/resistance)

80
Q

What is the ratio of the motive force (effort) to a given resistive force called?

A

Mechanical Advantage

Moment arm (M) = force x lever arm distance

81
Q

What is the equation for Mechanical Advantage?

A

MA = M-m / M-r

82
Q

What will a larger number for Mechanical Advantage tell us?

A

the more leverage the given lever system provides

83
Q

If the Mechanical Advantage is greater than 1, what is our mechanical advantage in?

A

force

84
Q

If our Mechanical Advantage is less than 1, what is our MA in?

A

in speed and ROM

85
Q

What if our Mechanical Advantage is 1.00? What does this mean?

A

the fulcrum is directly in the middle of the lever and NEITHER force has an advantage

86
Q

If we have a Mechanical Advantage of 100, what does this tell us? What is the advantage? What is the disadvantage?

A

effort is further than load from the fulcrum = lever operated at a MA

advantage = force
disadvantage = speed and distance

(Ex: jacking up a car)

87
Q

If we have a Mechanical Advantage of .5, what does this tell us? What is the advantage? What is the disadvantage?

A

effort nearer than the load to the fulcrum = lever operates as a mechanical disadvantage

advantage = speed and distance
disadvantage = force (takes more effort)

Ex: shoveling

88
Q

If the load is close to the fulcrum and effort is applied far from the fulcrum, describe the effort and distance relationship and the load and distance relationship.

What is this lever said to operate at?

A

SMALL effort exerted over relatively LARGE distance–> moves a LARGE load over a SMALL distance

= lever said to operate at a MA

89
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage to a Type 3 lever?

A

Advantage = ROM

Disadvantage = Effort required

90
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage to a Type 2 Lever?

A

Advantage = Effort required

Disadvantage = ROM

91
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage to a Type 1 Lever where the effort is closer to the fulcrum?

A

Advantage = ROM

Disadvantage = Effort Required

92
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage to a Type 1 Lever where the load is closer to the fulcrum?

A

Advantage = Effort required

Disadvantage = ROM

93
Q

What type of Lever is are the biceps brachi?

A

Class 3 Lever

94
Q

What type of Lever are the hamstrings curling up the leg?

A

Class 3 Lever

95
Q

What type of Lever are the lumbar paraspinal muscles an example of?

A

Class 1 Lever

Biomechanics (6 decks)

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