1. brain and body

Question 1

what is the central nervous system made up of?

Answer 1

brain
spinal cord
grey and white matter

Question 2

what are the parts of the nervous system

Answer 2

Central NS -Peripheral NS
Somatic NS - autonomic NS
sympathetic NS - Parasympathetic NS

Question 3

what are the 2 systems that are within the peripheral NS?

Answer 3

Somatic and Autonomic NS

Question 4

what are the 2 systems within the Autonomic NS

Answer 4

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 5

function of the somatic NS

Answer 5

The part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment (either voluntary or involuntary). It is composed of afferent nerves that carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, eyes, ears, and so on to the CNS and efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

axons conveying messages from the sense organs –> CNS –>muscles

Question 6

parts of the central nervous system

Answer 6

part of the nervous system that consists of the brain (in the skull) and the spinal cord in the spine)

Question 7

function of the central nervous system

Answer 7

Central nervous system (CNS) – The division of the nervous system located within the skull and spine. The CNS is composed of two divisions: the brain (in the skull) and the spinal cord (in the spine).

Afferent nerves – Carry sensory signals to the central nervous system. Every sensory neuron is an afferent to the rest of the nervous system.
Efferent nerves – Carry motor signals from the central nervous system.

Every motor neuron is an efferent from the nervous system.
Within the nervous system, a given neuron is an efferent from one structure and an afferent to another.

Question 8

diiference between afferent and efferentg nerves

Answer 8

afferent = bring information into a structure (A - accept), sensory neuron to the rest of the NS

Efferent = send information out of the structure (E - exit), motor neuron is efferent from the NS
and within the NS, a given neuron is an efferent from one structure and afferent to another

Question 9

what is the peripheral NS consisting of

Answer 9

somatic NS
autonomic NS
sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

Question 10

function of the peripheral NS

Answer 10

connect the brain and spinal cord to rest of the body
The division of the nervous system located outside the skull and spine.
* Somatic nervous system (SNS) – The part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment (either voluntary or involuntary). It is composed of afferent nerves that carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, eyes, ears, and so on to the CNS and efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

• Autonomic nervous system (ANS) – The part of the PNS that regulates the body’s internal environment (involuntary). It is composed of afferent nerves that carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS and efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs.

Question 11

Somatic NS

Answer 11

• regulates communications with the external environment
• axons convey messages from sense organs to the CNS then to muscles

The part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment (either voluntary or involuntary). It is composed of afferent nerves that carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, eyes, ears, and so on to the CNS and efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

Question 12

Autonomic NS function

Answer 12

• receives commands from and sends commands to the heart
• regulates the body’s internal environment (homeostasis) e.g ur heart and intestines

The part of the PNS that regulates the body’s internal environment (involuntary). It is composed of afferent nerves that carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS and efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs.

The autonomic nervous system has two kinds of efferent nerves: sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves.
* Sympathetic nerves – Autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (small of the back) and thoracic (chest area) regions of the spinal cord.
* Parasympathetic nerves – Autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord.

Question 13

what does the autonomic ns consist of

Answer 13

sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Question 14

sympathetic NS function

Answer 14

• psychological arousal
• mobilizes energy
• activates fight or flight
• increase rate of breathing, heart rate, decreasing digestion
• acting in synchrony to ganglia
• reseases norepinephrine (but also ach on sweat glands)

Question 15

parasympathetic NS

Answer 15

• rest and digest, non emergency responses
• psychological relaxatioin
• conserves energy
• decrease heart rate
• increase digestive activity
• promotes sexual arousal
• craniosacral system
• parasympathetic ganglia are not linked, which makes them act more independently than sympathetic
• release acetylcholine

Question 16

Neurons

Answer 16

• get info and transmit it to other cells
• cells of the NS
• Cells of the nervous system that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals.

Question 17

what NS does the somatic and autonomic NS belong to?

Answer 17

peripheral nervous system

Question 18

3 types of neurons

Answer 18

sensory
relay
motor

Question 19

difference between the 3 types of neurons (sensory, relay, motor)

Question 20

what is the soma part of and what is in the soma? **

Answer 20

the body
the soma is part of the neuron. its the cell body, nucleus, ribosomes
ell body containing nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria, most metabolic work occurs here

Question 21

dendrites

Answer 21

the lil trees
branches that receive messages to other neurons through the synapse
branching fibers narrower at the ends, the greater the surface area the more information it can receive
o Dendric spines – short outgrowths that increase the surface area

Question 22

axon

Answer 22

the axis
thin fiber of a constant diameter conveying impulses toward other neurons,
an organ, or a muscle
the loooong noodle that connects one end of the neuron with the other.
information passes through it, like a highway

Question 23

presynaptic terminal **

Answer 23

the bulb, button
pass information to other dendrites
where the axon releases chemicals that cross through the junction between neuron and other cell

Question 24

Myelin sheath

Answer 24

fatty substance that protects the axon

Question 25

nodes of Ranvier

Answer 25

the gaps between sections of myelin

Question 26

whats the difference between the cell body and cell membrane

Answer 26

cell body = Soma. its the things inside the body cell membrane = the semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron

Question 27

sensory neurons

Answer 27

senses to brain i. Specialized to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation (light, sound, touch)

Question 28

motor neurons

Answer 28

from brain to muscles i. Soma in the spinal cord ii. Excitation through dendrites iii. Conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle

Question 29

interneurons/relay

Answer 29

send messages between neurons

Question 30

How does the central nervous system (specifically, the brain) work?

Question 31

What are the different areas in the brain? (brain anatomy)

Question 32

How does the brain send information to the rest of the body, and how is information from the body send back to the brain?

Answer 32

afferent and efferent nerves

Question 33

The three major subdivisions of the brain (referred to with English terms)

Answer 33

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 34

The five smaller subdivisions (referred to with Latin terms)

Question 35

The division of the cerebral cortex into four types of lobes

Answer 35

frontal parietal temporal occipital

Question 36

what are gyri and sulci

Answer 36

if we look at the folds in the brain as a worm that slithers up and down, the gyrus is the up slither and sulcus is the down slither (like cat and cow)

Question 37

the thalamus **

Answer 37

(“inner chamber”): pair of structures (left and right) in the center of the forebrain * Diencephalon – thalamus and hypothalamus (distinct from telencephalon – rest of the forebrain) * Most sensory information goes through the thalamus, processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex except for olfactory information which goes directly to the olfactory bulbs * Sensory input→Nuclei of thalamus→single area of the cerebral cortex→info back to the thalamus→prolonging or magnifying certain input focusing attention on particular stimuli

Question 38

hippocampus

Answer 38

The hippocampus is one important area of cortex that is not neocortex because it has only three major layers. The hippocampus is located at the medial edge of the cerebral cortex as it folds back on itself in the medial temporal lobe. This folding produces a shape that is, in cross section, somewhat reminiscent of a sea horse (hippocampus means “sea horse”). The hippocampus plays a major role in some kinds of memory (especially the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory and spatial memory that enables navigation).

Question 39

amygdala

Answer 39

The amygdala is an almond-shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus, which runs beneath the thalamus in the medial temporal lobe. The amygdala is involved in emotion, particularly fear.

Question 40

motor cortex

Answer 40

the precentral gyrus generation of motor action information on touch is extracted at the somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) and is communicated the short distance to the precentral gyrus where it contributes to motor control. e.g. when you read braille, ur body collects the sensation in ur finger and processes it

Question 41

somatosensory cortex

Answer 41

region of the parietal lobe information on touch arives here (sensations from the body)

Question 42

visual cortex

Answer 42

located in the occipital lobe further analysis of visual information occurs

Question 43

auditory cortex

Answer 43

region in the temporal lobe

Question 44

what is the binding problem? (large scale integration problem) **

Answer 44

occurs when two stimuli bind and you experience two sensations at the same time Binding problem: large scale integration problem – it occurs stimuli bind if you perceive 2 sensations happening at the same time in approximately the same place o E.g. if a movie is dubbed badly, you perceive they did not come from those lips * We bind 2 experiences that occur at the same time (don’t know yet how)

Question 45

what are key differences between primate brains and other mammals brains

Question 46

anatomical directions: dorsal

Answer 46

toward the back

Question 47

the spinal cord

Answer 47

brings information in to the brain Sends sensory information into the brain Carries motor information to the body

Question 48

glial cells

Answer 48

The supporting cells of the nervous system. They hold neurons in place Control their supply of nutrients and some of the chemicals they need to exchange messages Insulate the neuron Destroy and remove the carcasses of neurons that are killed

Question 49

blood barrier

Answer 49

surrounds the blood vessels by the brain to protect it but some areas of it do not protect very well so some things like drugs can get in. Oxygen, co2, glucose, etc can get in

Question 50

what are the functions of grey + white matter ***

Answer 50

Grey matter - cell bodies and dendrites White matter - myelinated axons

Question 51

is this hindbrain, midbrain or forebrain: also known as rhombencephalon Myelencephalon - medulla, extends in to the spinal cord, associating with breathing, swallowing and blood circulation Metencephalon - consists of cerebellum and the pons. Important for sensory and motor

Answer 51

hindbrain

Question 52

is this hindbrain, midbrain or forebrain: also known as mesencephalon Consists of the tectum and the tegmentum Tectum the roof of the midbrain Has two swellings on each side Superior colliculi - visual motor function. Located in anterior Inferior colliculi - auditory function, located in the posterior Tegmentum 3 colorful structures Periaqueductal - grey matter that connects that cerebral aqueduct Substantia nigra - black substance, important for sensorimotor system Red nucleus - same function as substantia Reticular formation - complex system of brainstem nuclei

Answer 52

midbrain

Question 53

is this hindbrain, midbrain or forebrain: also known as prosencephalon Diencephalon - consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland Hypothalamus - regulating hormones secreted by the pituitary gland Thalamus - most sensory information is first sent here and then it sends outputs to the cerebral cortex. Only the smelling info is not sent to the thalamus, it goes to the olfactory bulb instead Pituitary gland - produces and releases hormones Anterior and posterior parts Basal ganglia - Telencephalon - consists of cerebral cortex and limbic system Cerebral cortex - surface of the brain, has bumps and cracks to have more surface area. Bumps are called gyri and cracks are called sulci Corpus callosum connects both hemispheres In limbic system is hippocampus which is responsible for long term memory Amygdala works with hippocampus to create long term memories of specific, and often emotional memories

Answer 53

forebrain

Question 54

basal ganglia

Answer 54

a collection of brain structures near to and in close communication with the cortex. among other things, they process information on movement control ------------- Basal ganglia motor system – A collection of subcortical nuclei (e.g. striatum and globus pallidus) that play a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses. * Sweeping out of each amygdala, first in a posterior direction and then in an anterior direction, is the long tail-like caudate. Each caudate forms an almost complete circle; in its centre, connected to it by a series of fibre bridges, is the putamen. Together, the caudate and the putamen, which both have a striped appearance, are known as the striatum (striped structure). * The remaining structure of the basal ganglia is the pale circular structure known as the globus pallidus. The globus pallidus is located medial to the putamen, between the putamen and the thalamus. Considering the basal ganglia, of particular interest is a pathway that projects to the striatum from the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Parkinson’s disease, a disorder characterized by rigidity, tremors, and poverty of voluntary movement, is associated with the deterioration of this pathway. Another part of the basal ganglia currently of particular interest to biopsychologists is the nucleus accumbens, which is in the medial portion of the ventral striatum. The nucleus accumbens is thought to play a role in the rewarding effects of addictive drugs.

Question 55

frontal lobe

Answer 55

Consists of motor cortex and prefrontal cortex Prefrontal cortex - grants us executive function, or the ability to make complex and socially mindful decisions 3 regions of prefrontal cortex Posterior zone - movement Middle zone - working memory, cognitive control, emotional reactions Anterior zone - decision making and evaluation

Question 56

temporal lobe

Answer 56

Houses memories, emotions and language comprehension Contains hippocampus, primary auditory cortex and wernicke’s area Damage to this area could result in visual hallucinations

Question 57

wernickes and brocas area

Answer 57

The Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area, that contain motor neurons, are the language processing units of the brain that help in understanding language as well as allow us to communicate properly. the main task of Broca’s area is to generate meaningful language so that the person can be speak sensibly and fluently. The Wernicke’s area is responsible for understanding the statements made by the speaker. It is essentially involved in language processing.

Question 58

parietal lobe

Answer 58

How we react to external information Somatosensory cortex - receives information from touch receptors located throughout the body in the skin Sensations, perceiving our own body

Question 59

occipital lobe

Answer 59

Targets visual information Cortical blindness

Question 60

the autonomic NS has two kinds of efferent nerves: sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves.

Answer 60

Sympathetic nerves – Autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (small of the back) and thoracic (chest area) regions of the spinal cord. * Parasympathetic nerves – Autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord. All sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are two-stage neural paths: The sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons project from the CNS and go only part of the way to the target organs before they synapse on other neurons (second-stage neurons) that carry the signals the rest of the way. However, note that the sympathetic neurons project from the CNS synapse on second-stage neurons at a substantial distance from their target organs, whereas the parasympathetic neurons that project from the CNS synapse near their target organs on very short second-stage neurons.

Question 61

anatomical directions: ventral

Answer 61

towards the stomach (ventre)

Question 62

anatomical directions: lateral

Answer 62

away from the midline

Question 63

anatomical directions: medial

Answer 63

toward the midline

Question 64

anatomical directions: proximal

Answer 64

located close to the point of attachment

Question 65

anatomical directions distal

Answer 65

located more distant to the point of attachment