1. Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
PowerPoint 1 (131 cards)
1
Q
What thoracic cavity does the heart lie?
A
Left Thoracic Cavity
2
Q
What layer surrounds, protects, and lubricates the heart?
A
Pericardium
3
Q
What is the large cavity of open space where the heart lies called?
A
Mediastinum
4
Q
In regards to the MEDIASTINUM, What key structures lie…
* Inferior
* Posterior
* Laterally
* Anteriorly
A
- Inferior = Diaphragm
- Posterior = Ribs & Vertebral Column
- Laterally = Pleural Cavity
- Anteriorly = Sternum & 3rd-5th Ribs
5
Q
What are the four chambers of the heart?
A
- Right Atrium
- Left Atrium
- Right Ventricle
- Left Ventricle
6
Q
Where is the APEX of the heart?
A
Fifth intercostal space (Ribs 5 & 6)
7
Q
The 5th intercostal space contains what key component?
A
The APEX of the heart
8
Q
The 5th intercostal space falls between which ribs?
A
Ribs 5 & 6
9
Q
What are the thin, fibrous strands of connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the mitral leaflets of the hearts AV valves (tricuspid and mitral valves) called?
A
Chordae Tendineae
10
Q
Which side of the heart is the largest?
A
Left
Left > Right
11
Q
The Left side of the heart is a ____ pressure system. The Right side of the heart is a ____ pressure system
A
Left = High pressure System
Right = Low pressure System
12
Q
What are the four layers of cardiac tissue called?
A
- Endocardium
- Myocardium
- Epicardium
- Pericardium
13
Q
which layer of the heart is labeled as A
A
Pericardium
14
Q
which layer of the heart is labeled as B
A
Epicardium
15
Q
which layer of the heart is labeled as C
A
Myocardium
16
Q
which layer of the heart is labeled as D
A
Endocardium
17
Q
Where do the coronary arteries arise from?
A
Right and Left cusps of the aortic valve.
18
Q
What two branches stem off the “Left Main Coronary Artery”?
A
- Circumflex Artery
- Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery
19
Q
What is coronary blood flow? (CBF)
A
The difference between aortic diastolic pressure and the pressure-resisting flow.
20
Q
What does the term “Coronary” typically refer to?
A
The arteries that are surrounding and supply the heart.
21
Q
What occurs to BLOOD FLOW when arterial pressure DROPS?
A
Blood flow is diminished to the myocardium. This causes the heart to begin to malfunction.
22
Q
A: Which artery supplies the RIGHT side of the heart?
B: Which artery supplies the LEFT side of the heart?
A
A: Right Coronary Artery
B: Left Coronary Artery (Main) –> Further divides into the circumflex and Left Anterior Descending arteries.
23
Q
An injury to which artery would disrupt flow to the left ventricle?
A
Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery
24
Q
Which artery is known as the “Widow Maker”?
A
Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery
25
How is knowledge of coronary blood supply helpful in clinical practice?
If you know the implications of a blockage, you can correlate the signs and symptoms that are being presented by the patient and identify where the blockage is.
26
What are the layers of a coronary artery?
* *Adventitia* (Outer Layer)
* *Tunica Media* (Middle Layer)
* *Tunica Intima* (Inner Layer)
27
What is the **outer layer** of a coronary artery called?
Adventitia
28
What is the **Middle Layer** of a coronary artery called?
Tunica Media
29
What is the **Inner Layer** of a coronary artery called?
Tunica Intima
30
What are the functions of the *Adventitia* layer of a coronary artery.
* Consists of collagenous fibers (primarily fibroblasts)
* Provides support structure
* Involved in repairs of the artery when injured
31
What are the functions of the *Tunica Media* layer of a coronary artery.
* Consists of layers of smooth muscle cells.
* Makes adjustments to luminal diameter through vasomotor tone (VMT).
32
What are the functions of the *Tunica Intima* layer of a coronary artery.
* Protects the arterial wall
* Exchage of gasses and nutrients from the blood.
* Assissting in the regulation of coagulation.
* Signaling of any needed inflammatory response.
33
What is the purpose/function of *vasomotor tone* in the body?
A process that works to keep the artery diameter open or closed which ultimatley influences blood flow.
34
What bodily issue commonly causes a tear in the *tunica intima*?
Atherosclerosis
35
which layer of the artery is labeled as **A**
Adventitia
36
which layer of the artery is labeled as **B**
Tunica Media
37
which layer of the artery is labeled as **C**
Tunica Intima
38
How is blood pressure written? (Think about the format)
Systolic / Diastolic
39
What is *Systolic* blood pressure reading?
The pressure in the arteries when the heart is *actively pumping blood.*
| Heart Beating
40
What is *Diastolic* blood pressure reading?
The pressure in the arteries when the heart is *at rest*
41
What is the considered the...
"primary driving force moving blood into myocardial tissue"?
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
42
What is **VMT** and what does it determine?
* VMT =
* The volume of blood passed to the tissue by regulating the caliber of the artery.
43
What typically results from resistance applied to blood flow?
Atherosclerosis
44
What is **LVEDP** and what does it measure?
* Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure (LVEDP)
* Measures the pressure within the ventricle at the end of *diastole*.
45
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Blood Pressure will *increase* with exercise.
Systolic
46
*True or False* :
Diastolic blood pressure will rise during exercise.
False;
Systolic = Rises w/ exercise
Diastolic = Stays the same
47
*True or False*
Systolic blood pressure will rise during exercise.
True;
Systolic = Rises w/ exercise
Diastolic = Stays the same
48
Define: **Myocardial Oxygen Consumption** (MOC)
The amount of *oxygen* the **heart** requires to function.
49
MOC = ____ + _____
Myocardial Oxygen Consumption = Heart Rate + Stress
(MOC = HR + Stress)
50
What is the purpose/use of obtaining a **Rate Pressure Product** (RPP)
A measure of myocardial oxygen consumption and is often used to quantify cardiac exercise workload.
51
What is the formula for *Rate Pressure Product*?
RPP = HR x SBP
RPP = Heart Rate X Systolic Blood Pressure
52
What is "**After Load**", as it pertains to the heart.
The pressure the heart must exert to pump blood out of the ventricles during *systole* or "ventricular contraction"
53
What two structures are connected via the *Tricuspid Valve*
Connects the **right atrium** to the **right ventrical**.
54
What two structures are connected via the *Pulmonary Valve*
Connects the **right ventricle** to the **main pulmonary artery**.
55
What two structures are connected via the *Mitral Valve*
Connects the **Left Atrium** to the **Left Ventricle**.
56
What two structures are connected via the *Aortic Valve*
Connects the **Left Ventricle** to the **Aorta**.
57
Starting with the Superior + Inferior Vena Cava, list the pathway of bloodflow through the heart.
1. Superior vena cava
2. Inferior vena cava
3. Right Atrium
4. Tricuspid Valve
5. Right Ventricle
6. Pulmonary Valve
7. Pulmonary Arteries
8. Pulmonary veins
9. Left Atrium
10. Mitral Valve
11. Left Ventricle
12. Aortic Valve
13. Aorta
58
What 7 structures and/or pathways are involved in *bloodflow through the heart* contain **deoxygenated blood**?
1. Superior vena cava
2. Inferior vena cava
3. Right Atrium
4. Tricuspid Valve
5. Right Ventricle
6. Pulmonary Valve
7. Pulmonary Arteries
59
What 6 structures and/or pathways are involved in *bloodflow through the heart* contain **oxygenated blood**?
1. Pulmonary Veins
2. Left Atrium
3. Mitral Valve
4. Left Ventricle
5. Aortic Valve
6. Aorta
60
Which **cell organelle** is seen as essential when speaking about *oxygen transport* and *inspiration/expiration*?
Mitochondria
61
Which component of the heart is typically referred to as the *pacemaker of the heart*?
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
62
What is the **bundle of his** also known as?
AC Bundle
63
What is the role/function of **Purkinje Fibers**?
Excite the *right + left ventricles*
64
The *sinoatrial (SA) node* can be found between which two structures?
The *crista terminalis* in the upper wall of the *right atrium* and the opening of the *superior vena cava*
65
The *Atrioventricular (AV) node* can be found between which two structures?
The atria and the *left and right ventricles*
66
What occurs during "Depolarization"
Atrial contraction
67
What is the last 'event' in diastole?
Depolarization (or *atrial contraction*)
68
When the Sinoatrial (SA) node fires, what occurs in the heart?
Depolarization
69
Starting with the *AV Node*, list the next 3 anatomical structures that become innervated via **depolarization**
* AV Node
* Bundle of HIS
* Bundle Branches
* Purkinje Fibers
70
True or False;
The Mitral and Tricuspid valves close during *diastole*
False;
The mitral and tricuspid valves close during *systole*
71
Which nerve is responsible for controlling the PNS?
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
72
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) can be further broken into which two systems?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
73
**Inotropic** is used to describe the ____ of something
Contractility
74
**Chronotropic** is used to describe _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
The effect on rate or time a physiological process takes.
75
"*Fight or Flight*" is commonly associated with which branch of the nervous system?
Sympathetic Nervous System
76
The **PNS** has ____ chronotropic effects and ____ Iontopic effects.
Negative ; Negative
77
The **SNS** has ____ chronotropic effects and ____ Iontopic effects.
Positive ; Positive
78
The ____ Nervous System is responsible for *systemic vasoconstriction*
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
79
Briefly explain the function of the bodies *vascular system.*
Carries blood and lymph through the body.
80
What 5 divisions are involved in '*systemic circulation*'.
* Arteries
* Arterioles
* Capillaries
* Venules
* Veins
81
Arteries and Arterioles carry ____ blood.
Oxygenated
82
Where does the *diffusion of gas* occur?
Capillaries
83
Veins and Venules carry ____ blood.
Deoxygenated
84
Match the definition to the correct structure.
Structures: *Arterioles, Veins, Capillaries, Veins*
A. Diffusion of Gases
B. Flap like valves, unidirectional flow
C. Regulate blood flow to tissues
D. Recieve deoxygenated blood and metabolic waste
A. Diffusion of Gases = **Capillaries**
B. Flap like valves, unidirectional flow = **Veins**
C. Regulate blood flow to tissues = **Arterioles**
D. Recieve deoxygenated blood and metabolic waste = **Venules**
85
What term(s) is defined as...
"The difference between arterial and venous pressures in the vessels supplying it and its vascular resistance"
Atrial Blood Flow
86
Define: **Atrial Blood Flow**
The difference between arterial and venous pressures in the vessels supplying it and its vascular resistance
87
What is the formula for **Pulse Pressure**?
Pulse Pressure = Systolic Blood Pressure - Diastolic Blood Pressure
*OR*
**PP = SBP - DBP**
88
In short, what does **Mean Arterial Pressure** represent?
The average BP during a cardiac cycle.
89
A *MAP* of ____ is **needed** for tissue perfusion.
Greater than **60** is needed for tissue perfusion.
90
What is the formula to calculate **Mean Arterial Pressure** (MAP)
MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP-DP)
**Example:**
Blood Pressure = 120/80
1. MAP = 80 + 1/3 (120-80)
2. MAP = 80 + 1/3 (40)
3. MAP = 80 + 13.33
4. MAP = 93
91
What is significant about the "*After Load* " and "*Stroke Volume* " relationship?
After Load and Stroke Volume have an INVERSE relationship.
As one increases the other will decrease; and vice versa.
92
**Preload** is a term used to represent ____ .
**Resting Tension** (or End Diastolic Volume //// EDV)
93
**After load** is a term used to represent ____ .
The **resistance level** that the LEFT ventricle has to push against in order to generate blood flow.
94
Define: **Ventricular Compliance**
The measure taken to show how easily a relaxed heart ventricle expands when being filled with blood.
95
What happens to EDV when venticular compliance (VC) is...
1. Increased
2. Reduced
1. Increased VC = Increased EDV
2. Decreased VC = Decreased EDV
96
Define: **Ejection Fraction** (EF)
Written as a percentage;
Used to describe how much blood the *left ventricle* pumps per contraction.
97
What is the formula used to calculate **Ejection Fraction** (EF)
EF = SV / EDV
*EF* - Ejection Fraction
*SV* - Stroke Volume
*EDV* - End Diastolic Volume
98
What are the *function/roles* of the **arterioles**.
* Local Controllers
* Regulate pressure into the capillaries
99
List the 6 FUNCTIONS of the cardiovascular system.
1. Circulation of blood.
2. Delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and water.
3. Circulation of hormones
4. Regulation of body temperature.
5. Removal of metabolites
6. Maintenance of acid-base balance (pH)
100
Define: **Cardiac Output**
The *volume* of blood pumped by the heart per 1-minute
101
*Heart rate* is ________ proportional to *stroke volume*
Inversely proportional
102
Cardiac output ALWAYS wants to be in what range?
4L - 6L
103
*Which of the following functions does the myocardium layer of the heart serve?*
**A** - Forms a continuous lining with the tissue of the valves.
**B** - Facilitates the pumping action of the heart.
**C** - Minimizes friction during cardiac contraction.
**D** - Provides a tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.
Question:
*Which of the following functions does the myocardium layer of the heart serve?*
**B** - Facilitates the pumping action of the heart.
104
What anatomical structures make up the *upper respiratory tract*
- Nasal Cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
105
What anatomical structures make up the *Lower Respiratory Tract*
- Trachea
- Primary Bronchi
- Lungs
106
What is the **role/function** of the *Upper Respiratory Tract*
Humidification
107
What anatomical structure is the PRIMARY driver for humidification?
Nasal Cavity
108
Where are *goblet cells* located and what do they do?
**Location:** Trachea
**Function:** Produce Mucus which is lined with cilia.
109
What term is defined as...
"*Functional unit of the lungs*"
**Acini**
(Alveoli, Alveolar sacs and ducts, and respiratory bronchioles)
110
How many lobes are found in the...
- Left Lung
- Right Lung
- **Left Lung** = 3 Lobes
- **Right Lung** = 2 Lobes
111
What muscles are primairly responsible for *inspiration*?
- Diaphragm
- External Intercostal
- Parasternal Intercostal
112
At rest, expiration is _ _ _ _ _ (*Passive* or *Active*)
Passive
113
Which of the following upper respiratory structures provide humidification?
1. Larynx
2. Pharynx
3. Nasal Cavity
4. Nasopharynx
Which of the following upper respiratory structures provide humidification?
C. Nasal Cavity
114
Which areas of the brain control the *respiratory control center* and act by responding to CO2 levels?
* Medulla Oblongata
* Pons
115
Which nervous system, specifically, is responsible for **bronchoconstriction**?
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
115
Which nervous system, specifically, is responsible for **bronchodilation and SLIGHT vasoconstriction**?
Sympathetic Nervous System
116
Define: **Hypoxemia**
A condition where low oxygen levels are found in the blood.
117
Baroreceptors respond to ....
Respond to stretch in arteries.
118
Chemoreceptors respond to...
Changes in the chemical envrionment.
119
Regarding *hypoxemia*, where are the **chemoreceptors** found?
Located in the...
* Carotid
* Aorta
120
What is the purpose of the **respiratory control center**?
located in the brainstem, in the medulla oblongata and pons, and is responsible for controlling breathing on a minute-to-minute basis.
121
Regarding *respiration*, What bodily components, structures, or properties are responsible for **DEFENSE.**
- Nasal Cavity
- Goblet Cells
- Mucociliary Transport
- Surfactant Production
- Alveolar Macrophages
- Mast Cells
122
What is the purpose of **Surfactant**?
* Lubricates
* Reduces tension in the alveoli
123
What structure functions as a humidifier and trap for any foreign bodies attempting to enter the body?
Nasal Cavity
124
Mast Cells are responsible for...
* Identifies foreign invaders
* Identified areas of inflammation
"Gets out and puts the cones everywhere after an accident"
"Mast cells play an important role in how the immune system responds to certain bacteria and parasites and they help control other types of immune responses. They contain chemicals such as histamine, heparin, cytokines, and growth factors."
125
Mast cells are **(Increased / Decreased)** in individuals who *smoke* because ... ?
Increased; Due to smokers having inflammation all throughout the body which is causing their bodies to INCREASE the amount of *Mast Cells* being released
126
During **Inspiration** what happens to the *Diaphragm* and *Intercostal Muscles*?
* Diaphragm = Pulls down (due to air pushing it down)
* Intercostal Muscles = Pull up (to help create more room for air)
127
During **Expiration** what happens to the *Diaphragm* and *Intercostal Muscles*?
- Diaphragm = Relaxes; caused the diaphragm to elevate and essentially make the area smaller.
- Intercostal muscles = Relax; No need for the extra room any longer since the air is gone.
128
During **expiration**, what happens to the *glottis*?
The glottis **closes**, not allowing any more air into the stomach.
129
What happens to the *intrathoracic pressure* during expiration? Why does this occur?
* Intrathoracic pressure is **INCREASED**
* This helps stabilize the core.
130
Partial Pressure is considered a ____ system. Inside this sytem, pressure will travel from ____ to ____.
* Closed System
* High to low
