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physiology > 1 cell > Flashcards

1 cell Flashcards

1
Q

glycoprotein is a protein covalently attached to

A

a carbohydrate

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2
Q

the disffusion of H2O across a semi permeable or selectively permeable membrane is termed

A

Osmosis

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3
Q

Oxygen enter a cell via

A

Diffusion

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4
Q

The rate of diffusion of a particle across a membrane will increase if

A

The lipid solubility of the particle increases

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5
Q

In which one of the following transport processes is the substance moving down its electrochemical gradient

A

Glucose into adipose tissue

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6
Q

Which of the following requires energy

A

Active transport

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7
Q

Which of the following characteristics is shared by simple diffusion of alcohol and facilitated diffusion of glucose

A

Occurs down an electrochemical gradient

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8
Q

The Na/K pump is important in axons because it

A

Maintain concentration gradient of Na and K across the axon membrane

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9
Q

Which of the following would occur as a result of the inhibition of Na K ATPase

A

Increased intercellular Ca concentration

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10
Q

Solutions A and B are separated by a semipermeable membrane that is permeable to K,but not to Cl.solution A is 100 mM KCl,and solution B is 1mM KCl.which of the following statements about solution A and solution B is true.

A

K+ will diffuse from solution A to solution B until a membrane potential develops with solution A negative with respect to solution B

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11
Q

The term used to describe,”cell eating “is

A

Phagocytosis

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12
Q

Which of the following processes results in the formation of a food vacuole within the cell that will subsequently be digested by enzymes from the lysosome

A

Pinocytosis

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13
Q

Signaling between cells usually results in the activation of protein

A

Kinases

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT a typical event associated with cell signaling

A

Stimulation of apoptosis

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15
Q

Sending a signal through the cell membrane can lead to the production of second messagers inside the cell.which of the following can serve as second messagers

A

cAMP IP3 Ca DG NO

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16
Q

Some receptors for growth factors activate a protein kinases cascade with the participation of multiple enzymes to effect a change in expression. Which of the following statements about a protein kinases cascade are true

A

1 Multiple steps allow the amplification of the signal
2 External signals can lead to changes in gene expression
3 Multiple steps leading to kinase activations can result in cells having different responses,depending on the presence or absence of target proteins
4 multiple steps in activation mean that abnormal stimulation of a cell response such as growth can occur with mutations in more than one gene

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17
Q

Estrogen and testosterone are steroid hormones,and are most likely to bind to

A

Cytoplasmic receptors

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18
Q

The endogenous GTPase activity of G-protein serves to

A

Hydrolyze GTP returning the G protein to a pre-stimulated level of activity

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19
Q

The sodium gradient across the nerve cell membrane is

A

Used as a source of energy for the transport of other ions

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20
Q

Membrane excitability will be increased by the greatest amount by

A

Increasing extra cellular K+

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21
Q

Resting potential is

A

Excess negative ions accumulate inside the plasma membrane

Excess positive ions accumulate outside the plasma membrane

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22
Q

The membrane potential will depolarize by the greatest amount if the membrane permeability increases for

A

Sodium

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23
Q

The resting potential of a nerve membrane is primarily dependent on the concentration gradient of

A

Potassium

24
Q

The action potential of a neuron

A

Is terminated by efflux of K+

25
Q

Regarding an action potential,what happens immediately after threshold is reached

A

Increased sodium influx

26
Q

The diffusion of K+out of the cell makes the inside of the cell less positive,or more negative,and acts to restore the original resting membrane potential a process called

A

Repolarization

27
Q

Both the depolarization and repolarization changes that occur during the action potential are produced by

A

Diffusion of ions down their concentration gradients

28
Q

During the absolute refractory period along an axon membrane of a neuron,

A

The neuron is unable to respond to a stimulus of any intensity

29
Q

Depolarization occurs when the membrane charge becomes _______
Positive than resting membrane potential and hyper polarization occurs when the membrane potential charge becomes ________negative than resting membrane potential

A

More

More

30
Q

In a nerve, the magnitude of the action potential overshoot is normally a function of the

A

Extra cellular sodium concentration

31
Q

Which of the following words or phrases is most closely associated with an end-plate potential at the neuromuscular junction

A

Depolarization

32
Q

Which one of the following muscle proteins plays an important role in contraction of both smooth and striated muscle

A

Actin

Myosin

33
Q

During the process of excitation-contraction in skeletal muscle,calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by

A

Membrane depolarization

34
Q

A drug completely blocks Na channels in nerves. Which of the following effects on the action potential would be expected to produce

A

Block the occurrence of action potential

35
Q

An increase in sodium conductance is associated with

A

The upstroke of the smooth muscle action potential

36
Q

Which of the following is not a property of chemically regulated gates

A

They respond best to membrane potential changes,such as depolarization

37
Q

Which of the following best describes the process of exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicle fusion and content release

38
Q

The amount of force produced by a skeletal muscle can be increased by

A

Decreasing the interval between contractions

39
Q

The rate of conduction of action potential along a nerve will be increased by

A

Myelinating the nerve

40
Q

Increasing the extra cellular potassium concentration will

A

Decrease potassium permeability

41
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscle is initiated when calcium binds to

A

Calmodulin

42
Q

The flow of calcium into the cell is an important component of the upstroke phase of action potential in

A

intestinal smooth muscle

43
Q

_________blocks Acetylcholine receptor sites causing skeletal muscle relaxation

A

Curare

44
Q

When skeletal muscle is in its resting state,myosin cross bridges are prevented from binding to actin molecules by

A

Tropomyosin

45
Q

The action potential of skeletal muscle

A

Spread inward to all parts of the muscle via the T tubule

46
Q

The function of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle include

A

Acting as a “relaxing protein “at rest by covering up the site where myosin binds to actin

47
Q

The cross-bridges of the sarcomere in skeletal muscle are made up of

A

myosin

48
Q

The correct temporal sequence for events at the neuromuscular junction is

A

Uptake of Ca2+ into the presynaptic terminal,release of acetylcholine;depolarization of the muscle end plate

49
Q

Which characteristics or components are shared by skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

A

Elevation of intracellular Ca2+for excitation-contraction coupling

50
Q

Repeated stimulation of a skeletal muscle fiber causes tetanic contraction because the intracellular concentration of which solute increases and remains at high levels

A

Ca2+

51
Q

A person with myasthenia gravis notes increased muscle strength when he is treated with an acetylcholine esterase inhibitors.The basis for his improvement is increased

A

Levels of Ach at the muscle and plates

52
Q

The contractile response in skeletal muscle

A

Produces more tension when the muscle contracts isometrically than when the muscle contracts isotonically

53
Q

At the muscle end plate,acetylcholine causes the opening of

A

Na + and K + channels and depolarization

54
Q

Initiation of an action potential in skeletal muscle by stimulating its motor nerve

A

Requires the release of acetylcholine

55
Q

Which of the following events occurs before depolarization of the T tubules in skeletal muscle in the cell mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling

A

Depolarization of the sarcolemmal membrane

56
Q

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder resulting in reduced numbers of ACh receptors at skeletal-muscle endplates.Which of the following drugs (applied at a pharmacological dose)would be effective in improving neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis patients

A

Neostigmine (cholinesterase inhibitor)

physiology (3 decks)

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