1. CELL BIOLOGY

Question 1

What does the cell theory say?

Answer 1

1. All living organisms are composed from cells. Cells are the fundamental building blocks of every living organism.
2. Cell is the smallest living structures - nothing smaller can survive.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

Question 2

How do we call organisms that consist of only one cell and how the ones made up from many cells?

Answer 2

Unicellural organisms, multicellural organisms.

Question 3

What are common features of cells?

Answer 3

Membrane, geetic material, chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes composed inside of the cell and energy system that provides the cell with energy necessary for all cell activities.

Question 4

Present two cases of discrepancy in cell theory.

Answer 4

1. Striated muscle tissue cells are uncommonly big (up to 10 cm) and have several nuclei.
2. Fungi consist of narrow thread-like structures called hyphae. Hyphae are usually divided into multiple cells by septas. Some fungi, however, do not have septas. In that case hyphaes have continuous cytoplasm with many nuclei.

Question 5

What can you say about the structure of unicellural organisms’ cells in comparison with multicellural organisms’ cells?

Answer 5

Unicellur organisms’ cells are more complex because they have to carry out all functions of life (at least 7).

Question 6

What are 7 functions of life?

Answer 6

NUtrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis, reproduction.

Question 7

Define nutrition.

Answer 7

Obtaining food to provide energy and materials needed for cell’s growth.

Question 8

Define metabolism.

Answer 8

Chemical reactions inside of the cell, catalyzed by enzymes produced insisde of the cell. This includes fr example cell respiration.

Question 9

Define excretion.

Answer 9

Getting rid of watse products of metabolism.

Question 10

Define growth.

Answer 10

Irreversibla increase in size.

Question 11

Define reproduction.

Answer 11

Producing offspring sexually or asexually.

Question 12

Define response.

Answer 12

The ability to react to changes in environment.

Question 13

Define homeostasis.

Answer 13

Abillity to keep conditions inside the organism within tolerable limits.

Question 14

Explain paramecius’s nutrition, metabolism and excretion.

Answer 14

Paramecium gathers food with the help of cilia. It is a heterotroph and so feeds on microorganisms. The food enters paramecium by endocytosis (percisely phagocytosis) through the oral groove into the cell mouth and gullet. It forms food vacuole which is joined with lysosome or digestive enzyimes that digest the content of food vacuole. digested nutriens then pass into the cytoplasm where all metabolic processes are held. Waste products of metabolism leave the cell with diffusion.

Question 15

What does the contractil vacuole do?

Answer 15

It pumps excess water out of the cell and therefore maintains homeostasis.

Question 16

Explain the 7 life functions in the case of chlorella.

Answer 16

Nutrition - photosyntesis
Metabolism - mostly in the cytoplasm
Excretion - controled by plasma membrane
Growth - increasing in size due to photosynetit and absorbtion of minerals
Reproduction - division (mitosis and cytokinesis)
Response - cilia moves in response to changes in environment
Homeostasis - concractil vacuole

Question 17

What are multicellural organisms?

Answer 17

Organism consisting a single mass of cells, fused togheter.

Question 18

What are emergent properties of the whole organism?

Answer 18

Characteristics of the whole organism, existing because of interactions between the cells.

Question 19

What are volvox colonies

Answer 19

Colonies of unicellural organisms cooperating with eachother inside protein gel but not fused.

Question 20

What is the worm caenorhabditis elegans known for?

Answer 20

It is one of the smallest (often mistaken for unicellural) multicellural organism, composed of only 959 cells.

Question 21

What is so called division in labor?

Answer 21

Different cells perform different functions.

Question 22

What is cell differentiation and why is it so important?

Answer 22

Cell differentiation is development of the cells in different ways to carry out/ perform specific tasks/ functions. Cells are because of the cell differentiation very efficient because they develop an ideal structure for carrying out the needed function.

Question 23

How is differentiation carried out?

Answer 23

By expression of some genes and not others in a cell genome. Information of switched-on-genes is used to maek a protein or other gene product.

Question 24

What are key properties of stem cells?

Answer 24

They can divide multiple times and are not yet differentiated.

Question 25

What can you say about stem cells in embryos?

Answer 25

In their early stages it is composed entirely of stem cells. Later on some kind of patterns of differentiation are completed. Therefore the cells are no longer stem cells but are able to divide many times.

Question 26

Where can we find stem cells in adult human body? What is their function? Where are they lacking? Can they develop in any cell?

Answer 26

In human tissues such as skin, liver, bone marrow. They are important for regeneration and repair. No.

Question 27

How do we therapeutically use stem cells? How can we use them non-therapeutically?

Answer 27

They can be used for produce regenerated tissue ( in the case of burns etc.), for healing diseases such as Statgard's disease and leukemia. Meat.

Question 28

What is Statgard's disease? How can it be cured?

Answer 28

A genetic disease, usually developed in children between 6 and 12. It is usually caused bya recessive mutation of a gene called ABCA4. A membrane protein used for active transport in retina cells in not working correctly and therefore vission is lost. They have dveloped methods for making emryonic stem cells into racina cells.

Question 29

What is leukemia? How can it be healed?

Answer 29

it is a type of cancer in which abnormally large numbers of white blood cells are producet in bone marrow. We can use adult stem cells to heal leukemia. A large needle is inserted ina large bone (usually the pelvis) and fluid is removed from the bone marrow. Stem cells from bone marrow are stored in freezers. A high dose of chemotherapy is given to the patient to kill the cancer cells in the bone marrow. Stem cells are then returned in the bone marrow, where they are re-esatblished, multiplied and they produce new white and red blood cells.

Question 30

Which types of stem cells do we know

Answer 30

Embryonic, adult, umbilical cord blood cells.

Question 31

What are embryonic stem cells? What are their up and down sides.

Answer 31

Embryonic stem cells are stem cells we can produce by fertilizing egg cells with sperm and then letting the zygota develop in the right contitions for a few days so that the embryo consist from 6-12 stem cells. The positives at embryonic stem cells are that they have a high growth potential, can develop in any cell of the body and have less chance of mutations than adult stem cells. The downsides are that they are more likely to develop a tumor, they are not genetically similar to the patient's body and the embryo is killed if the stem cells are removed (ethics)

Question 32

What are umbillical cord blood stem cells? What are their advantages and disadvatages?

Answer 32

Umbillical cord blood stem cellsa are stem cells we can obtain from the umbillical cord of a new-born baby. Their advatages are that they have the same genetic material as the patient and therefore rejection is not a problem at inserction, they are easily obtained and stored, as well as they don't open any ethical dilemas because umbillical cord is discarted anyways. The disadvatages are that they have limited capacity to develop in different types of cells, there is just a limited amount, number of them.

Question 33

What are adult stem cells? What are their advantages and disadvatages?

Answer 33

These are stem cells obtained from adult tissues. The advantages of adult stem cells are that they are genetically similar to the patient's body cells and, due to lower growth potential, present a smaller risk for cancer cells. There are also no ethical dilema. (taking adult stem cells from the tissues doesnt kill the adult) Disadvantages are for example limited capacity to develop into different cell types, lower growth potenitialential, limited amount of them and difficualties in obtaining them.

Question 34

What organism are often mistaken for unicellural and what for multicellural?

Answer 34

Worm caenorhabdits elegans, volvox colonies

Question 35

When and by who was the firt microscope invented?

Answer 35

THe first microscope was invented in the 17th century by Robert Hook.

Question 36

Name all the parts of the microscope.

Answer 36

Eyepiece, nosepice, objective lenses, stage, stage clips, condenser lens, diaphragm, light source, basearm, course, fine adjustment knob