1 Cell Biology - Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of DNA that codes for a protein/controls a characteristic

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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structures in the nucleus that carry genes

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3
Q

How many chromosomes are in one human body cell?

A

46

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4
Q

Chromosomes are arranged in ___ pairs in a human body cell.

A

23

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5
Q

How many percent of your chromosomes have you inherited from your father?

A

50%

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6
Q

Briefly describe the cell cycle.

A

Cell content (including DNA) is replicated, mitosis occurs to make two genetically identical cells

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7
Q

Define ‘mitosis’.

A

Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells

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8
Q

Which type of reproduction is based only on mitosis?

A

Asexual

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9
Q

State three key importances of mitosis.

A

Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

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10
Q

Briefly describe the first stage in the cell cycle.

A

Cell size increase, DNA and organelle replication

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11
Q

Briefly describe the second stage (mitosis) in the cell cycle.

A

Nucleus divides - One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the dividing cell

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12
Q

Briefly describe the third stage in the cell cycle.

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides into two daughter cells

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13
Q

What has to happen to the cell before mitosis to ensure we can two genetically identical daughter cells?

A

DNA and organelles must replicate before division

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14
Q

Define ‘differentiation’.

A

The process where a cell becomes specialised/adapted to perform specific functions

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15
Q

Define ‘stem cell’.

A

Undifferentiated cell with the potential to become specialised

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16
Q

Define ‘adult stem cells’.

A

Stem cells that can only differentiate into a specific type of cell

17
Q

Where does differentiation of stem cells occur in humans?

A

Bone marrow

18
Q

Where does differentiation occur in plants?

A

Meristem/Root tip/Shoot tip

19
Q

Define ‘cloning’.

A

Production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction/mitosis

20
Q

By which cell division type does cloning occur?

A

Mitosis

21
Q

Define ‘zygote’.

A

The single new cell formed right after fusion of gametes(sperm and egg)

22
Q

Define ‘embryo’.

A

A ball of cells made from mitosis of zygote

23
Q

Define ‘embryonic stem cells’.

A

Stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate into all cell types

24
Q

Where do you get adult stem cells in animals?

A

Brain, bone marrow, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver

25
Q

Suggest two diseases that may be treated with stem cell treatment.

A

Paralysis, diabetes, blindness

26
Q

Briefly describe how we can use stem cells to treat someone with type 1 diabetes.

A

Induce embryonic stem cells to produce healthy pancreas cells to make enough insulin

27
Q

Where do you get stem cells in plants?

A

Meristem/Root tip/Shoot tip

28
Q

Why is the ability to clone plants quickly a benefit?

A

Produce large numbers of rare plants reliably and safely to stop their extinction and for research, agriculture advances

29
Q

State one medical/scientific benefit of therapeutic cloning.

A

No rejection problem

30
Q

State one risk or concern people may have about using stem cells.

A

Concerns: Unethical to use aborted embryos; difficult and expensive project; cancer concern; Risk: viral infection/transmission