1. Cell Injury

Question 0

Define anaemic

Answer 0

Decreased ability for Hb to carry O2

Question 1

Define hypoxaemic

Answer 1

Arteriole O2 content is low

Question 2

Define ischaemic

Answer 2

Interruption to blood supply

Question 3

Define Histiocytic

Answer 3

Inability for cells to use oxygen due to disabled oxidative phosphorylation enzymes

Question 4

Name 5 types of physical agents that can cause cell damage

Answer 4

Direct trauma
Extreme temperature
Changes in pressure
Electrical currents
Radiation

Question 5

What are 2 features of reversible hypoxic injury?

Answer 5

Clumping of chromatin
Blebs
Swelling
Ribosome separation

Question 6

Name the four classes of enzymes that Ca2+ activates in irreversible hypoxic injury

Answer 6

ATPase
Phospholipase
Protease
Endonuclease

Question 7

Define the point of irreversible hypoxic injury

Answer 7

The point where membrane integrity falls leading to a massive influx of Ca2+

Question 8

Describe the features of irreversible hypoxic injury

Answer 8

Further swelling
Nuclear changes
Rupture of lysosomes
Membrane defects
Myelin figures
Lysis of ER
Amorphous densities in mitochondria

Question 9

Name the 3 nuclear changes

Answer 9

Pyknosis
Karyolysis
Karyohexis

Question 10

Give 3 reasons why ischaemic tissue repurfusion can cause injury

Answer 10

Increase in oxygen free radicals
Increase in the number of neutrophils leading to inflammation
Complement proteins leading to the complement pathway

Question 11

What molecules in cells do free radicals damage?

Answer 11

Lipids in cell membranes
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids

Question 12

Name 3 free radical molecules

Answer 12

H2O2
O2-
OH▪️ (That’s a dot)

Question 13

What are the names of 3 enzymes in the anti oxidant system?

Answer 13

Superoxide dismutase
Catalases
Peroxidases

Question 14

Name 4 free radical scavengers

Answer 14

Vitamins A, C and E

Glutathione

Question 15

What are heat shock proteins and give an example of one?

Answer 15

These recognise incorrectly folded proteins and repair them
Increase in production in response to heat increase
Ubiquitin is an example of these

Question 16

Define oncosis

Answer 16

Swelling of a cell prior to death

Question 17

Define apoptosis

Answer 17

Programmed cell death with shrinkage

Question 18

Define necrosis

Answer 18

The morphological changes that occur in a living organism after a cell has been dead for some time

Question 19

Give a visible feature of coagulative necrosis

Answer 19

Ghost outline

Question 20

In coagulative necrosis is the process of denaturation greater or the activity of proteases?

Answer 20

Process of denaturation is greater hence a solid structure is left intact

Question 21

Name an organ in which liquifactive necrosis can occur

Answer 21

Brain

Lungs

Question 22

In liquifactive necrosis which has greater activity, the process of enzyme degradation or the process of denaturation?

Answer 22

The process of enzyme degradation

Question 23

Which type of inflammatory cell is known to be able to cause liquifactive necrosis?

Answer 23

Neutrophils as they produce proteases

Question 24

What is a cause of caseous necrosis?

Answer 24

TB

Question 25

What is used to detect fat necrosis?

Answer 25

X Ray | Naked eye

Question 26

Define gangrene

Answer 26

Term used to describe tissue that is visibly undergoing necrosis

Question 27

What are the three types of gangrene?

Answer 27

Dry Wet Gas

Question 28

What is dry gangrene?

Answer 28

Where the necrotic tissue is exposed to air, coagulative

Question 29

What is wet gangrene?

Answer 29

Where the necrotic tissue is infected with bacteria making it liquifactive

Question 30

What is gas gangrene?

Answer 30

Where the necrotic tissue is infected with anaerobic bacteria which produce visible, palpable bubbles of gas

Question 31

What causes a white infarct?

Answer 31

Occlusion of an end artery

Question 32

What causes a red infarct?

Answer 32

Extensive haemorrhage into dead tissue

Question 33

In what organs can white infarcts occur in?

Answer 33

Heart Kidneys Spleen

Question 34

What causes Rhabdomyolysis?

Answer 34

Myoglobin being released from dead muscle

Question 35

What can Rhabdomyolysis cause?

Answer 35

Blocking of renal tubules leading to renal failure

Question 36

What happens to cell size in oncosis?

Answer 36

Swells

Question 37

What happens to the nucleus in apoptosis?

Answer 37

Fragmentation into nucleosomes

Question 38

What happens to the cell membrane in apoptosis?

Answer 38

Remains intact but with an altered structure

Question 39

What happens to the plasma membrane in oncosis/necrosis?

Answer 39

Disrupted, lysis

Question 40

What happens to the cell contents in apoptosis?

Answer 40

Remain intact, can be released in bodies

Question 41

What does a cell do with something it cannot metabolise?

Answer 41

Accumulates in the cell

Question 42

What is the accumulation of Triacylglycerides often seen in the liver called?

Answer 42

Steatosis

Question 43

What happens when phospholipids from disrupted cell membranes accumulate in the cell?

Answer 43

Form myelin figures

Question 44

Name two diseases in which proteins accumulate in the cytoplasm of a cell

Answer 44

Mallary's hyaline - damaged protein seen in hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease Alpha 1 antritrypsin deficiency - the incorrectly folded version produced by the liver stays in the ER - leas to emphysema

Question 45

What are the names of 4 exogenous pigments?

Answer 45

Coal Carbon Soot Tattoos

Question 46

Name 3 endogenous pigments

Answer 46

Lipofuscin Haemosiderin Bilirubin

Question 47

What is lipofuscin?

Answer 47

Brown/yellow old age pigment - is a sign of free radicals

Question 48

What is haemosiderin?

Answer 48

Iron storage molecule | Shows iron overload in bruises

Question 49

What is systemic overload of haemosiderin called?

Answer 49

Haemosiderosis

Question 50

What shortens every time a cell divides?

Answer 50

Telomeres

Question 51

What 3 types of cells contain telomerase allowing cells to maintain the original length of telomeres?

Answer 51

Germ cells Stem cells Cancer cells

Question 52

What can fatty liver commonly be caused by?

Answer 52

🍺🍸🍾🍺🍸🍾

Question 53

What can fatty liver lead to?

Answer 53

Steatosis and hepatomegaly

Question 54

What symptoms may someone with fatty liver experience?

Answer 54

No symptoms

Question 55

Is fatty liver reversible?

Answer 55

Yes

Question 56

Acute alcoholic hepatitis involves what damage?

Answer 56

Hepatocytes necrosis Formation of Malory bodies Neutrophil infiltrate

Question 57

Is acute alcoholic hepatitis reversible?

Answer 57

Usually

Question 58

What are the features of a liver in cirrhosis?

Answer 58

Hard Shrunken Micronodules

Question 59

Is cirrhosis reversible?

Answer 59

No, can be fatal