1 Cells

Question 1

What are cells?

Answer 1

basic building blocks of living organisms

Question 2

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 2

• living material that make up a cell
• jelly like structure (sloppy)

Question 3

What is the largest organelle?

Answer 3

Nucleus

Question 4

What is the function of nucleus?

Answer 4

Control cell’s activities
(Eg. Metabolism, Protein Synthesis, and Cell division)

Question 5

What is gene?

Answer 5

• Segment of DNA
• Contains the instructions for making a specific protein or set of proteins
• decide which proteins cells can produce
• in chromosomes

Question 6

What is the function of gene?

Answer 6

• Determine the traits and functions of organisms
• Make proteins that the body needs

Question 7

Which cell doesn’t have nucleus?

Answer 7

RBC (Red Blood Cell)

Question 8

What are enzymes?

Answer 8

• biological catalysts
• control chemical reactions in cytoplasm
• lower the activation energy needed for reactions

Question 9

What is cell membrane and its function?

Answer 9

• a protective barrier that surrounds the cell
• regulating the movement of cell in and out
• boundary between cytoplasm and outside
• not complete barrier (selectively permeable or partially permeable)

Question 10

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Answer 10

• covered with tiny granules called “ribosomes”
• involve in protein and lipid synthesis

Question 11

What is rough ER?

Answer 11

• studded with ribosomes
• involved in protein synthesis

Question 12

What is smooth ER?

Answer 12

• lack ribosomes
• involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification

Question 13

What is Golgi Apparatus and its function?

Answer 13

• responsible for modifying, sorting and packaging the proteins and lipids received from ER
• Adding nutrients in the protein (folded) molecules (Eg. Glucose, Fat)

Question 14

What is Mitochondria?

Answer 14

• perform some reactions of respiration
• releasing energy that the cell can use
• most of the energy from respiration is released in mitochondria

Question 15

What is Lysosome?

Answer 15

• Contain digestive enzymes to break down and recycle (cellular waste and damaged organelles)
• Play a key role in maintaining cell health and homeostasis.

Question 16

Pathways for Proteins

Answer 16

𝟭. Transcription “mRNA” in nucleus
𝟮. Translation “tRNA” in ribosomes (Endoplasmic Reticulum )
𝟯. ER to Golgi apparatus

Question 17

What is the basis of inheritance?

Answer 17

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Question 18

What is the protein DNA coiled around?

Answer 18

Histone

Question 19

What is DNA? and Explain its structure and Function

Answer 19

• DNA carries genetic information
• Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule
• DNA is folded and coiled

Question 20

Why does DNA coiled around histones?

Answer 20

• Histones help package and organize DNA into dense structure (Chromatin)
• interact with DNA to form 𝗻𝘂𝗰𝗹𝗲𝗼𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘀 (basic unit of chromatin)

Question 21

What is nucleosome?

Answer 21

• Basic unit of chromatin
• consisting of DNA wrap a core of histone protein

Question 22

Explain DNA structure

Answer 22

• Double helix structure
• DNA molecule is made from 2 strands of molecular group (Nucleotides)
• double stranded molecule, 2 nucleotide

Question 23

What is Nucleotide in DNA?

Answer 23

• basic building block of DNA
• Consist of
  1. Phosphate group
  2. Sugar molecule (deoxyribose)
  3. Nitrogenous group (A,T,G,C)

Question 24

What are base of DNA nitrogenous group?

Answer 24

A - Adenine
T - Thymine
G - Guanine
C- Cytosine

Question 25

Explain RNA structure

Answer 25

- Single helix structure - RNA molecule is made from 1 strands of molecular group (Nucleotides) - single stranded molecule, 1 nucleotide

Question 26

What is nucleotide in RNA?

Answer 26

- basic building block of RNA - Consist of 1. Phosphate group 2. Sugar molecule (Ribose) 3. Nitrogenous group (A,U,G,C)

Question 26

What is base-pairing rule in DNA?

Answer 26

- A (Adenine) pairs with T (Thymine) - G (Guanine) pairs with C (Cytosine)

Question 27

Why is Base-Pairing rule important?

Answer 27

- maintaining double helix structure - ensuring accurate replication and transcription of genetic information

Question 27

What is base-pairing rule in RNA?

Answer 27

- A (Adenine) pairs with U (Uracil) - G (Guanine) pairs with C (Cytosine)

Question 28

What are the bases pair by base-pairing rule called?

Answer 28

Complementary Bases (Eg. A and T, G and C)

Question 28

What are hydrogen bonds contain?

Answer 28

- Involve hydrogen atom bonded to

Question 28

What is the order in nucleotide? (From outermost to innermost)

Answer 28

1. Phosphate Group (Hold the nucleotides) 2. Sugar Molecule (Deoxyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogenous base (A,T,G,C or A,U,G,C)

Question 28

Why are hydrogen bonds weak?

Answer 28

- To be easily broken - Allow chains to separate - To make DNA copy

Question 28

Which bond holds the complementary bases?

Answer 28

- Hydrogen Bond

Question 29

True or False: The amount of Adenine is equal to Thymine, same as Guanine to Cytosine.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

True or False: DNA is the only chemical that can make exact copies of itself.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Passing genetic information from one generation to the next as.........??

Answer 31

Genetic Code

Question 32

What is DNA replication?

Answer 32

process by which a cell makes an identical copy of DNA

Question 32

Why does DNA replicate?

Answer 32

- To give "daughter cell" with exact genetic material during cell division - Essential for growth, repair and reproduction