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Immunology > 1. Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

1. Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cells are involved in community?

A

Leucocytes, endothelial cells, adipocytes and epithelial cells

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2
Q

What is the typical lineage of immune cells?

A

Start as self renewing stem cells, differentiate into pluripotent stem cells influenced by growth factors, and become progenitor cells

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3
Q

What are the progenitor cells for leucocytes?

A

Myeloid cells (derive from bone marrow) and lymphoid cells (derive from the lymphatic system)

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4
Q

What is the innate immune response?

A

An immediate response to pathogens, prioritises recovery and clearing pathogens from the body, mainly involves phagocytes and RBCs

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5
Q

What is the adaptive immune response?

A

Takes longer to develop, Focuses on memorisation of antigens and antibodies, mainly involves lymphocytes

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6
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Single cells that can replicate itself and/or differentiate into a variety of cell types

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7
Q

What specific cells can be derived from the myeloid lineage?

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) monocytes and macrophages (to some extent dendritic cells)

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8
Q

What are two growth factors and hormones that Determine which lineages the progenitor cells develop into?

A

Cytokines or interleukins and colony stimulating factors

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9
Q

What specific cells can be derived from the lymphoid lineage?

A

Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells), natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells and natural killer T cells (to some extent dendritic cells)

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10
Q

What is the connection between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes are present in the blood and bone marrow but become macrophages when in the tissues

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11
Q

Which cell of the immune system has an unknown lineage or developmental stage?

A

Mast cells

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12
Q

What are two growth factors and hormones that determine which lineage stem cells develop into the bone marrow?

A

Cytokines or interleukins and colony stimulating factors

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13
Q

Where do blood cells in the bone marrow migrate into in order to differentiate further and act?

A

Tissues (lymphocytes, granulocytes, mast cells, macrophages), blood (monocytes, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, natural killer cells, platelets), secondary lymphoid tissues (macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes), thymus (T cells)

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14
Q

Where does cell generation occur in developing foetuses? Why?

A

Liver – bone marrow is not large enough to support the amount of generation

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15
Q

What are the cell-surface markers for T cells? What isn’t present?

A

CD3. No CD19, CD21 or CD14

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16
Q

What are the cell-surface markers for B cells? What isn’t present?

A

CD19 and CD21. No CD3 or CD14

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17
Q

What are the cell-surface markers for monocytes? What isn’t present?

A

CD 14 (and 15). No CD3, CD19 or CD21

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18
Q

What is the CD system?

A

The cluster of differentiation system is a strict nomenclature for how to describe the specific surface markers to identify cells

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19
Q

What are polymorph cells?

A

Polymorphonuclear cells have a nucleus of many shapes

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20
Q

What is the precursor of platelets cells?

A

Megakaryocytes

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21
Q

What is the major component of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes — 60-70%

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22
Q

What do polymorphs include?

A

Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils (granulocytes)

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23
Q

What is the major component of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils — 90%

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24
Q

Why are neutrophils given their name?

A

They contain neutral (pink) staining cytoplasmic granules that secrete enzymes such as lysozyme and neutrophil extracellular traps

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25
What do neutrophils protect the body against?
They kill bacteria via phagocytosis. It is the most important cell in non-viral infections
26
Why are eosinophils given their name?
Contain granules that stain red with eosin As well as a crystalline core of eosinophil basic protein with cytotoxic properties
27
What do eosinophils protect the body against?
Parasites. Most important cell for helminth (worm) infections
28
Why are basophils given their name?
Contain basic granules that stain deep purple
29
What do basophils protect the body against?
Allergic reaction – promote information and do not phagocytose
30
Where are mast cells found?
Circulate in the bloods as immature cells. Found in connective and mucosal tissues as mast cells (sentinel cells that exist and wait for when they are needed)
31
What do mast cells protect the body against?
Important an allergy – release activating factors such as histamine and have IgE receptors
32
What are the structural differences between monocytes and macrophages?
Monocytes ammonia nuclear and kidney bean shaped. Macrophages are up to 10 times larger
33
What are some microbicidal mechanisms of monocytes and macrophages?
Secrete growth factors, chemicals, enzymes and activation factors to recognise and engulf pathogen is as well as present it’s antigens on their own cell surface
34
What are the major two subgroups of monocytes and macrophages?
M1 and M2
35
Type of macrophage in the liver
Kupffer cells
36
Type of macrophage in connective tissue
Histiocytes
37
Type of macrophage in the lungs
Alveolar macrophages
38
Type of macrophage in the kidneys
Mesangial cells
39
Type of macrophage in the brain
Microglial cells
40
Type of macrophage in the bona
Osteoclasts
41
Explain the mechanism of dendritic cells
When immature dendritic cells capture antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissue where they mature and present these antigens to T cells
42
Subtypes of dendritic cells
Langerhan cells on skin, interdigitating and plasmacytoid
43
Polyploidy meaning
Carrie several different copies of their genetic material in order to replicate quickly
44
Describe platelets
Anucleated, contractile, adhere to other cells and surfaces and important in blood coagulation
45
What occurs after antigen stimulation in lymphoid progenitor cells?
Cells can differentiate into affect the cells or memory cells – vaccines are based on this principle
46
What is tolerisation /education?
Lymphocytes are taught to not recognise an act on self molecules. This occurs in the bone marrow for B cells and the thymus for T cells
47
Plasma cells
Activated be lymphocytes that secrete antibodies
48
Sub-groups of T cells and their surface markers
Helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic (CD8+)
49
Helper T cells
Activated by antigen presenting cells. Secrete cytokines to help immune responses by cell communication or become memory cells
50
In which organelle are antibodies manufactured within the cell?
The ER
51
Cytotoxic at cells
Kill infected targets or tumour cells By releasing perforans and Gran zymes to induce apoptosis or become memory cells
52
Perforins
Punch holes in infected cells to destroy them
53
Granzymes
Induce apoptosis
54
Regulatory T cells
Affects the immune response by suppressing or activating it through direct cell contact or by the secretion of soluble factors
55
Natural regulatory T cells
T cells from the thymus. Destined
56
Inducible regulatory at cells
T cells in the periphery. Activated
57
Gamma-delta T cells
Strange T cells. T-cell receptor of a gamma and Delta chain rather than alpha and beta chain and contains CD8 and CD4 surface markers. Recognises lipid antigen is highly prevalent in the mucosal tissues
58
What is the TCR usually composed of?
Alpha and beta chain
59
Large granular lymphocytes
Similar to lymphocytes but are larger and have a granular cytoplasm. Kill certain tumour and viral infected cells and have helper functions in skin and mucosal surfaces
60
What are the two main groups of an innate lymphoid cells?
Natural killer T cells and natural killer/innate lymphoid cells
61
Natural killer T cells
Kill target cells similarly to cytotoxic T cells and make growth factors and signalling molecules similar to helper T cells. Have T cell receptors and CD3 markers but no CD4 or CD8 markers
62
What are targets for NKT cells?
Tumour cells, virally infected cells, bacteria infected cells
63
Natural Killer cells
Recognise self and a non-self structures that activate or suppress their activity including growth factors and antibodies. Do not have a TCR
64
Innate lymphoid cells
Secrete cytokines similarly to helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Mainly active innate immune responses. Do not have a TCR or CD3, 4 or 8 markers

Immunology (9 decks)

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