1 - Cells & tissues Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
levels of structural organization
A
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
2
Q
cell definition
A
structural and functional unit of life
3
Q
cell diversity
A
over 200 types of cells that differ in shape, size and funciton
4
Q
generalized cell - common structures and functions of human cells
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plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
5
Q
histology definition
A
study of tissues
6
Q
tissues are
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groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function
7
Q
nervous tissue is responsible for?
A
control, regulation through internal communication
8
Q
types of muscle tissue
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skeletal, cardiac and smooth
9
Q
connective tissues are responsible for?
A
Supporting, protecting and binding other tissues together
10
Q
four basic tissue types
A
epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue
11
Q
epithelial tissue definition
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a sheet of cells that lines the body’s surface and or lines a body cavity
12
Q
the covering and lining of the epithelium creates?
A
boundaries
13
Q
what epithelium creates secretion
A
granular epithelium
14
Q
six epithelial functions
A
protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion and sensory reception
15
Q
what is the basal lamina
A
noncellular, underlying supportive sheet of primarily glycoproteins
16
Q
two function of basal lamina?
A
filter and scaffold
17
Q
how is epithelial tissue nourished?
A
through diffusion from connective tissues
18
Q
what is an important feature of cancerous epithelial cells?
A
they fail to respect the boundary imposed by the basement membrane
19
Q
how are epithelial cells classified?
A
by cell shape and layer
20
Q
what are the cell shapes?
A
squamous, cuboidal and columnar
21
Q
what are the cell layers?
A
simple epithelia and stratified epithelia
22
Q
simple epithelia characteristics
A
single layer of cells
23
Q
stratified epithelia characteristics
A
2 or more layers of cells
24
Q
in stratified epithelia, how is it classified?
A
by cell shape in apical layer
25
endothelium
lining of the blood vessels and heart
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mesothelium
epithelium of serous membranes in ventral body cavity
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major role of stratified epithelial tissues
protection
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stratified epithelial tissues characteristics and function
two or more cell layers, regeneration from below from basal cell and migrate up. Protection is major function
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endocrine glands
release product (hormones) directly into blood - ductless
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exocrine glands
release products into ducts
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unicellular exocrine glands
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multicellular exocrine glands
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4 types of simple epithelia
simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar and pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
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simple squamous epithelium function
allows for diffusion and filtration where protect is to important - secretes lubricating substances in serosae
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serosae
Serous membrane - outer lining of organs and body cavities of the abdomen and chest, including the stomach
36
simple cuboidal epithelium function
secretion and absorption
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simple columnar epithelium function (non ciliated)
absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances
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simple columnar epithelium function (ciliated)
propels mucus by ciliary action
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stratified squamous epithelium function
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
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types of cell shapes in stratified squamous epithelium
free surface squamous, deeper layer cuboidal or columnar
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What is the most wide spread stratified epithelia?
stratified squamous epithelium
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granular epithelium
one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid (secretion)
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what are glandular epithelia classified by?
site of product release (endocrine or exocrine) and relative number of cells forming the gland
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all endocrine glands are?
multicellular
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unicellular exocrine glands definition
one cell, no ducts and is usually just a goblet cell
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multicellular exocrine glands
epithelium derived duct and secretory cells - surrounded by supportive connective tissue to deliver blood vessels and nerves
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goblet cell consists of what organelles?
microvilli, Golgi apparatus, rough ER, nucleus, secretory vesicles containing mucin
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classification of multicellular glands consist of?
structure and type of secretion
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structures of multicellular glands
simple (unbranched duct) or compound (branched)
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types of secretion for multicellular glands
merocrine, holocrine, apocrine
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merocrine
most common, secretes products by exocytosis as produced
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merocrine gland examples
pancreas, salivary glands
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holocrine
accumulate products within then ruptures
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holocrine gland examples
sebaceous glands only
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apocrine
accumulates products within then apex pinches off
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the apocrine causes controversy because?
it might not exist in the body
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is mammary gland apocrine or merocrine?
apocrine
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5 types of connective tissue
mesenchyme, CT proper, cartilage, bone and blood
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main functions of CT
binding/support, protection, insulation, storage and transportation
60
what are the three structural elements of CT
ground substance, fibres, cells
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what is ground substance in CT
interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans
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the ground substance acts as a what?
molecular sieve for substances to travel between blood capillaries and cells
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ground substance allows the CT to ___ to the matrix?
attach
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what are some of the adhesion proteins that help cells attach to the CT elements?
fibronectin and laminin
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what are proteoglycans?
provides hydration and swelling pressure to the tissue for withstanding compressional forces
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types of fibres in CT
collagen, elastic and reticular
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collagen fibers
high tensile strength
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elastic fibers
allows for stretching and recoil
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what is the structure of elastin?
coiled
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reticular fibers
thin collagenous protein, fine network to support blood vessels and soft tissues
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CT is ___ cells surrounded by ____ (depending on tissue type)
living, matrix
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blasts (cell)
actively dividing/synthesizing cells during growth and repair
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cytes (cell)
primarily provide a level of maintenance
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three kinds of loose CT
areolar, adipose, reticular
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areolar CT function
wraps and cushions organs, important for inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid
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adipose CT function
provides reserve food fuel, insulates, supports and protects organs
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reticular CT function
forms soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cells, like WBT, mast cell and macrophages
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three types of dense CT
dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
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dense regular CT function
attaches muscle to bone and/or muscles, bone to bone, withstands great stress when force is in one direction
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tendons attach what to what?
muscle to bone
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ligaments attach what to what?
bone to bone
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aponeuroses attach what to what?
muscle to muscle
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dense irregular CT function
withstands tension exerted in many directions and provides structural strength
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elastic CT function
allows tissue to recoil after stressing, maintains flow of blood through arteries and helps in passive recoil of the lungs after inspiration
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what is the major cell type in dense regular and irregular CT?
fibroblast
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dense regular CT location
tendons, most ligaments and aponeuroses
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location of dense irregular CT
on the fibrous capsules of organs and of joints, dermis and submucosa of digestive tract
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location of elastic CT
walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments on vertebral column and walls of bronchial tubes
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what is cartilage made up of?
collagen fibres and a bit of elastic fibres & made up of up to 80% water
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What does cartilage ground substance contain?
GAGs, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and chondronectin
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how would you describe cartilage?
tough but flexible
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what are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
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types of bone cells
osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
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osteoblast defintion
bone producing cell, matures into osteocyte
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osteocytes
mature bone cell
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where are osteocytes located?
space in the bone matrix called lacunae
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osteoclasts function
degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodelling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions
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How do osteoclasts mediate bone loss by pathologic conditions?
by increasing their resorptive activity
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blood function
transport respiratory gases. nutrients, wastes and other substances
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why is blood classified as connective tissue?
it consists of cells surrounded by a non living fluid matrix
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what is the nonliving fluid matrix in blood called?
blood plasma
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what is the finer components in the blood?
soluble protein molecules
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when are the diner components of the blood visible?
during clotting
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what are the subclasses of bone tissue?
compact and spongy
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what cells are in the blood?
RBC, WBC, platelets
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what is the bone matrix composed of?
gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts and collagen fibres
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what is the matrix of blood made up of?
plasma and no fibres
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where is simple squamous epithelium located?
kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of the heart, blood and lymph vessels
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where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?
kidney tubules, ducks and secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface
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where is simple columnar epithelium located? (ciliated)
small bronchi, uterine tubes and some areas of uterus
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where is simple columnar epithelium located? (non-ciliated)
lines most of digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands
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Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located? (ciliated)
trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
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Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located? (non-ciliated)
In sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
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how is epithelial tissue supported by the CT? What does it involve?
basement membrane = basal lamina and underlying reticular CT
115
what is an important feature of cancerous epithelial cells?
they fail to respect the boundary imposed by the basement membrane
116
What are specialized contacts of epithelial tissue?
cells fit closely together and form a continuous sheet
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transitional epithelium is a type of ------ epithelium
stratified
118
what is the function of transitional epithelium ?
to change shape in response to stretching
119
how does transitional epithelium look when 1) stretched and 2) relaxed
squamous, cuboidal
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----- epithelial tissue is stronger than simple epithelia
stratified
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stratified squamous epithelium is located in places for the purpose of
wear and tear
122
what is the most widespread of stratified epithelia
stratified squamous
