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1 Ch15 Civil War Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the president of the United States of America during the Civil War?

A

Abraham Lincoln

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2
Q

Who is the president of the Confederate States of America?

A

Jefferson Davis

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3
Q

Americans choose sides

A

Lincoln promised to preserve Union
~Wouldnt compromise on slavery issue
~Refused to recognize secession! “Union is broken”
~The South was fearful, enraged

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4
Q

when did the civil war begin?

A

1861

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5
Q

Fort Sumter

A
  1. Confederate troops attack federal arsenal in Fort Sumter, SC beginning the Civil War
    ~Control of Charleston harbor
    ~Lincoln sent ships to protect
    ~Fort Sumter surrendered after 34 hrs of cannon blast
    ~Although no one killed, began nation’s bloodiest war
  2. Lincoln declared south in state of rebellion
  3. States had to choose; put down rebellion or secede

~Maryland separated Union capital (DC) from the South

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6
Q

What states rallied with Lincoln?

A

Penn, New Jersey and North states

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7
Q

What states seceded?

A

Upper South seceded (North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Arkansas)

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8
Q

Border states

A

slave states that didn’t join Southern Confederacy (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri

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9
Q

What states contolled rivers?

A

Kentucky and missouri

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10
Q

What were the Advantages of the Union (North)?

A
  1. Population 22 mil
  2. Had $ (90% of ind. Goods, esp. munitions)
  3. Efficient network of roads, canals, railroad
  4. Controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade s. Ports and shut down the s. Eco
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11
Q

Disadvantages of North

A

~would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar territory…)
~Capable mil. Leaders, inc. Ulysses S. Grant (bad leaders)

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12
Q

Confederate Advantages

A
  1. Confederates had excellent generals (Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson)
  2. Defending is always easier than attacking
    (familiar w/ climate and territory, possible psychological advantages)
  3. Southern farms provided food for army
  4. Farmers fight better than factory workers
  5. Profitable eco. Based on cotton exports
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13
Q

Disadvantages Confederate

A

~A smaller population of 9 mil (inc. 3.5 mil slaves)
~Had to import industrial goods
~Very little munitions production

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14
Q

Union Strategy

A

Winifield Scott’s plan
1. Destroy the South’s economy with naval blockade
2. Gain control of Mississippi river
3. Attack Richmond, Virginia (capital)?

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15
Q

Confederate Strategy

A
  1. Wear down the North
  2. Capture D.C.
  3. Cotton Diplomacy
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16
Q

Cotton Diplomacy

A

Idea that Great Britain would
support South because of their need for cotton.

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17
Q

What was the first major battle in the war?

A

1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

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18
Q

1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

A
  1. Wanted to control the railroad junction in Manassas
  2. Confederates surrounded them at Bull Run Creek.
  3. Union troops nearly pushed them back
  4. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
  5. Union forces scattered in retreat.
  6. First Major Battle of C.W.
  7. Crushed North’s hopes of winning war quickly.

1ST MAJOR BATTLE IN WAR

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19
Q

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

A

Confederate General who withstood the Union push and inspired a Conf. victory.

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20
Q

Army of Potomac

A

Union General George B. McClellan assembled 100,000 well-trained soldiers.
~Goal: attack Richmond… again

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21
Q

7 days battle

A

series of battles that forced McClellan to retreat from Richmond.

Robert E. Lee: Confederate General
1. Graduate of West Point
2. Led federal troops at Harpers Ferry
3. Risk taker, unpredictable moves

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22
Q

2nd Battle of Bull Run

A

1862
Jackson defeats Pope’s Union army in 3 day battle.
~Savage fighting
~Convinced Robert E. Lee it was time to attack the North.

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23
Q

Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg

A

Defintion: Bloodiest single day battle of the Civil War and U.S. History.

  1. Important Union Victory
  2. Lee suffered heavy losses.
  3. Union suffered 12,000 casualties
  4. South suffered 13,000

MOST IMPORTANTLY: Victory at Antietam convinced Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

Leading up to the battle:
1. South wanted victory in Northern soil
2. Robert E. Lee marched into Maryland
~ Goal=attack Harpers Ferry
~Union soldier found Lee’s battle plans in abandoned camp.
~McClellan planned a counterattack.

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24
Q

Emancipation Proclamation: 1862

A

military order that freed slaves in Confederate states only.

  1. Symbolic as it did not stop slavery in border states and couldn’t enforce it in South
  2. Announced it after victory in Antietam

Loss of slaves who flocked to North crippled South’s economy and ability to wage war.

Lincoln did not believe he had constitutional right to free slaves.
1. Democrats feared free slaves would take their jobs.
2. Abolitionists argued war was useless unless slaves freed.
3. Others argued use of slaves are helping Confed win war; therefore as president Lincoln can free slaves in South using his war powers.

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25
who controlled the sea?
Union navy
26
Anaconda Plan
Blockade Southern Ports
27
Ironclads
thick plated ships with heavy guns used by south Virginia: Confederate ironclad build from capture union steamship called Merrimack. ~Sank 2 wooden warships taking minor damage.
28
Virginia vs Monitor
The battle lasted hours with no severe damage
29
Why did each side want to control the Mississippi river?
This would cut Confed. Food source in AR, LA, TX. Use Mississippi River as strategic base for Southern communication and transportation.
30
Ulysses S. Grant
Given command of the Western campaign
31
Battle of Shiloh
Union army victory that gave greater control of the Miss. River valley 1. Bloody 2 day battle 2. 10,000 casualties
32
David Farragut
Union Admiral who led key victories at New Orleans and Siege of Vicksburg
33
Siege of Vicksburg
1. Farragut’s guns had trouble reaching city on 2. 200 foot cliff. 3. Grant attacked by land and with his help they shelled the city until they surrendered 4. Lasted 2 months! ~Soldiers ate horses, dogs, rats.
34
Confederates' struggle in the West
1. Union forces stopped attempts of Confederate army taking west lands 2. Conf. also failed to take border state of Missouri ~Were helped by 800 Cherokee (promised greater freedom) 3. Confederate troops still remained active to force Union Commanders to separate troops from North.
35
Contrabands
escaped slaves who were given right to join army
36
54th Massachusetts Infantry
Heroic unit of mostly free African Americans who proved value of black soldiers. Lincoln suggested rewarding African Americans by giving them right to vote.
37
Copperheads
Name given to Peace Democrats who sympathized with the south and opposed slavery. Lincoln saw them as threat and suspended Habeas Corpus
38
Habeas Corpus
the constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment.
39
How much money did men have to pay to avoid draft?
$300
40
Battlefield
1. Brutal: Cannonballs, bayonets (massive casualties) 2. Amputations common 3. Infections caused death 4. 2x more death from disease (typhoid, pneumonia, tuberculosis)
41
Clara Barton
“angel of the battlefield” 1. Organized collection of medicine/supplies to be delivered to the battlefield. 2. Often nursing men in battle 3. Her work formed bases for American Red Cross
42
Confederats on the Move
Robert E. Lee busy defending Virginia 1. Won key battles against General Ambrose Burnside in Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. 2. Heavy casualties 3. Stonewall Jackson dies. Lee launched attacks in Union territory 1. Hoped victory would convince other nations to recognize Confed.
43
Battle of Gettysburg
Lee marches troops west of small town called Gettysburg. 1. Raiding party went into town to gather boots and supplies and ran into George G. Meade’s Union army. 2. Exchanging fire and scrambled for best positioning. DEFINITION: 1863 Battle that turned the tide against the Confederates. 1. Union forces dug in on top of 2 hills (better position) 2. Confederates camped on Seminary ridge 3. Both troops called main forces to reinforce and prepare for combat.
44
2nd Day of Gettysburg
Lee ordered attack on left Side of Union Key: Capture Little Round Top (hill) ~Union held it.
45
3rd Day of Gettysburg
Lee planned to rush center of Union lines Pickett’s Charge: Failed Confederate attack up Cemetery Ridge led by General George Pickett (Disaster!)
46
4th Day of Gettysburg
Lee plans retreat
47
Aftermath of Gettysburg
Turning point in war 1. Lee never again launched an attack in the North 2. Took place on same day as Grant captured Vicksburg. 3. Victories made northerners believe war could be won! 4. Great Britain & France refused to aid Confederacy Casualties 1. Union: 23,000 2. Confed: 28,000
48
Gettysburg Address
4 months later, President Lincoln gave speech in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War 1. Short and moving 2. Reminded listeners that war was fought for ideals of DOI “liberty, equality, democracy”
49
Wilderness campaign
battles designed to capture Confederate capital at Richmond Virginia. 1. Grant suffered massive setback at Battle of Cold Harbor (lost 7,000 in few hours) 2. Grant knew Lee was running low on supplies, he kept attacking. 3. Grant winning but failing to capture Richmond. (Lincoln disappointed facing re-election)
50
Sherman's March
Lincoln needed a quick victory to be re-elected. DEFINITION: William Tecumseh Sherman destructive 60 mile march from TN to Savannah to destroy southern railroads and industries.
51
Sherman's March to Sea
1. 100,000 troops 2. 60 miles from TN to Georgia 3. 1ST GOAL: Take out Atlanta, Georgia and railroad link 4. President Jefferson Davis gave JOHN HOOD command of Confed army in region. ~Hood repeatedly attacked Sherman but Union troops proved stronger. ~Atlanta fell on Sept 2, 1864 1. Sherman shelled and set fire to city. 2. Victory in Atlanta convinced Union voters to re-elect Lincoln
52
2nd Goal of Sherman's March
Take port city of Savannah, Georgia 1. Left Atlanta with 60,000 men 2. “Make Georgia howl”
53
1st goal of Sherman's march
Take out Atlanta, Georgia and railroad link
54
What did Sherman's march practice?
total war 1. “war is war, not a popularity contest” 2. Destroy South’s economy, stability, and will to fight. 3. Destroyed railways, bridges, crops, livestock, burned plantations, freed slaves.
55
Total War
destroying civilian and economic resources along the way.
56
Consequences of Sherman's March
1. Destroyed South’s ability to recover after war 2. Anger and resentment from southerners for generations.
57
South Surrenders
Grant finally breaks through at Petersburg and FORCES LEE TO RETREAT FROM RICHMOND 1. Grant surrounds Lee and orders him to surrender. 2. Lee tried to escape to N.C. and join troops but cut off. 3. Lee surrenders (low on supplies)
58
Appomattox Courthouse
April 9, 1865 Union and Confed leaders met at a home in town of Appomattox Courthouse WHERE LEE SURRENDERED TO GRANT THUS ENDING THE CIVIL WAR Grant promised Lee: 1. His troops were not to be harmed 2. Fed, allowed to keep horses 3. Not tried for treason
59
Effects of War
1. 620,000 Americans lost their lives 2. Ended slavery 3. Slaves had no support structure however 4. South’s economy in ruin 5. The United States is deeply wounded and needs to heal. 6. New innovations and advancements in technology
60
Advancements in Technology from Civil War
1. Railroads used for war 2. Telegraphs 3. Photography: first war to be caught on camera 4. Air reconnaissance (balloon corps to spy) 5. Army ambulance corps 6. Long-range rifles (grooves in musket barrel), minie bullet (traveled faster and more accurate) 7. Repeating rifles: 1863 “Spencer rifle” 8. Gatling gun (rarely used) 9. Submarines 10. Naval mines and torpedoes (inspired land mines and grenades in later wars)

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