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Biology 🧫 > 1. Chemical elements and biological compounds > Flashcards

1. Chemical elements and biological compounds Flashcards

1
Q

Monomer

A

A single repeating unit within a polymer.

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2
Q

Polymer

A

A molecule made from a large number of bonded monomers.

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3
Q

Atheroma

A

A build up of fatty deposits in an artery which leads to the narrowing of the arteries inner diameter.

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4
Q

Condensation

A

Chemically combining two molecules with the production of water.

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking bonds in molecules by adding water.

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6
Q

What is Iron needed for?

A

It is required to make haemoglobin.

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7
Q

What is Calcium needed for?

A

To strengthen bones and teeth in animals and to strengthen the cell wall in plants.

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8
Q

What is Phosphate needed for?

A

It is used to make nucleic acid (ATP, RNA, DNA) and phospholipids in cell membranes.

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9
Q

What is Magnesium needed for?

A

It is required to make chlorophyll.

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10
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.

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11
Q

Give an example of a triose sugar.

A

Glyceralderhyde.

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12
Q

Give examples of pentose sugars.

A

Ribose and Deoxyribose.

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13
Q

Give examples of hexose sugars

A

Galactose, Fructose, Alpha and Beta glucose.

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14
Q

What bonds does the first structure of protien have?

A

Peptide bonds

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15
Q

What bonds does the second structure of protein have?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

What bonds does the tertiary structure of protein have?

A

Hydrogen bonds, disulphide bridges, hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds

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17
Q

What does the quaternary structure of protein consist of?

A

Two or more polypeptide chains bonded into a 3D shape, requiring two genes.

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18
Q

What are starch and glycogen made of?

A

Alpha glucose

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19
Q

What are the two forms of starch?

A

Amylose (helical- C1-C4 glycosidic bonds) and Amylopectin (branched- C1-C4 and C1-C6 glycosidic bonds).

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20
Q

What are cellulose and chitin made of?

A

Beta glucose

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21
Q

What makes chitin different to cellulose?

A

The acetyl amino group on C2.

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22
Q

Why are polypeptides amphoteric?

A

They have an alkaline amino group and an acidic carboxyl group.

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23
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

Have a tertiary or quaternary structure, are soluble and have a metabolic function.

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24
Q

Give examples of globular proteins

A

Enzymes, haemoglobin and hormones.

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25
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

Have a secondary structure, insoluble and structural proteins.

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26
Q

Give examples of fibrous proteins

A

Keratin and collagen.

27
Q

What elements do proteins contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

28
Q

What elements do lipids contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

29
Q

Describe maltose

A

Made of two alpha glucose monosaccharides and is in germinating seeds.

30
Q

Describe sucrose

A

Made of glucose and fructose and is a product of photosynthesis.

31
Q

Describe lactose

A

Made of glucose and galactose and found in mammalian milk.

32
Q

What do reducing sugars do in the Benedict’s test?

A

Reduces blue copper II sulphate to brick red copper I sulphate.

33
Q

What is collagen made from?

A

Three chains of alpha helices in a rope structure.

34
Q

What is the test for protein?

A

Add Biuret solution. If protein is present, a colour change from blue to violet is seen.

35
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Add Iodine solution. If starch is present, a colour change from brown to blue black is seen.

36
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Mix with an equal volume of absolute ethanol and water. If lipids are present, a cloudy emulsion is formed.

37
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides and phospholipids.

38
Q

What are the characteristics of triglycerides?

A

•Three fatty acid tails
•No phosphate group
•Completely hydrophobic

39
Q

What are the characteristics of phospholipids?

A

•Two fatty acid tails
•Phosphate molecule
•Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

40
Q

What are lipids linked by?

A

Esther bonds.

41
Q

What are fats needed for?

A

•Thermal insulation
•Protection of vital organs
•Buoyancy

42
Q

What occurs with a high intake of saturated fats?

A

Increases the proportion of low density lipoproteins which transport cholesterol to tissues in blood, increasing the incidence of atheromas in coronary arteries, restricting oxygen to the heart muscle tissue.

43
Q

What occurs with a high intake of unsaturated fats?

A

Increases the proportion of high density lipoproteins in the blood which carry harmful fats to the liver for breakdown.

44
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Molecules that have a high proportion of carbon and hydrogen.

45
Q

What are inorganic molecules?

A

A molecule or ion that has no more than one carbon atom.

46
Q

Why is water transparent?

A

To allow light to penetrate for aquatic plants to photosynthesise.

47
Q

Why is water a metabolite?

A

As it is a reactant in photosynthesis and a product in aerobic respiration.

48
Q

Why does water have a high latent heat of vaporisation?

A

As it requires a lot of energy to turn from a liquid into a gas.

49
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

As it has oppositely charged ends.

50
Q

Why is water a solvent?

A

It is liquid at room temperature providing thermal stability.

51
Q

Why is water cohesive?

A

As its molecules stick together creating surface tension and providing a habitat for insects.

52
Q

Why is water good for transport?

A

It transports minerals and ions in the xylem and ions and polar molecules in plasma.

53
Q

Why is water a site of metabolic reactions?

A

As most reaction occur in aqueous solutions.

54
Q

Why does water have a high specific heat capacity?

A

It requires a lot of energy to raise the temperature.

55
Q

What is a transpiration stream?

A

A column of water pulled up the xylem in plants.

56
Q

What are the three groups in amino acids?

A

Variable R group
Amino group
Carboxyl group

57
Q

Apart from hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen, what is one other element found in some amino acids?

A

Sulphur.

58
Q

Give examples of monomers

A

Fructose, Glycerol and amino acids.

59
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

Energy storage molecule in animals.

60
Q

What is Starch?

A

Energy storage molecule in plants.

61
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

Structural molecule in plant cell walls.

62
Q

What is Chitin?

A

Structural molecule in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons.

63
Q

Why does the plant cell wall have high tensile strength?

A

Made up of cellulose (beta glucose monomers) long chains with alternate monomers rotated 180 degrees. Hydrogen bonds between parallel chains form microfibril, giving high tensile strength.

64
Q

What is the main structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Unsaturated fats have a carbon to carbon double bond whereas saturated fats just have single bonds.

Biology 🧫 (11 decks)

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