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Biology 🧫 > 2. Classification and Biodiversity > Flashcards

2. Classification and Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Classification

A

The placing of organisms into groups based on evolutionary relationships.

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2
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the size, shape and structure of animals, plants and micro-organisms based on the internal and external appearance of the organism.

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3
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms with similar characteristics which are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

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4
Q

Domain

A

The largest of all groups in the classification system, it is a unique pattern of rRNA.

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5
Q

Taxonomy

A

A branch of biology that classifies all living things.

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6
Q

Binomial name

A

Every organism is given a name consisting of its genus and species.

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7
Q

Homologous features

A

Similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve different functions.

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8
Q

Analogous features

A

Features of different species that are similar in function but are structurally different, which do not come from a common ancestor.

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9
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms, showing common ancestors and points of divergence.

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10
Q

Genetic fingerprint

A

A laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequence of certain regions of human DNA that are unique.

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11
Q

Pentadactyl limb

A

A limb with five digits such as a human hand of foot which are found in amphibians, reptiles, birds and animals.

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12
Q

Biodiversity

A

The level of species richness and species evenness in a habitat at any one time.

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13
Q

What is genetic polymorphism?

A

The existence of several forms that cannot be explained by mutation alone and is several alleles for the same gene.

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14
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar features in species of differing ancestry.

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15
Q

Simpsons Diversity Index

A

Used as a measure of biodiversity. The index ranges between 0 and 1. The greater the value, the greater the diversity.

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16
Q

Archaea

A

A group of ancient bacteria, including extremophile prokaryotes.

17
Q

Ecology

A

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

18
Q

Hierarchy

A

Smaller groups within larger groups, with no overlap.

19
Q

Fungi

A

Heterotrophic eukaryotes, cell wall of chitin, reproduce with spores.

20
Q

Animalia

A

Heterotrophic multicellular eukaryotes, no cell wall, nervous coordination.

21
Q

Protoctista

A

Single celled eukaryotes, no tissue differentiation.

22
Q

Prokaryota

A

Unicellular, microscopic, no membrane bound organelles, cell wall of murein.

23
Q

Plantae

A

Multicellular eukaryotes, photosynthetic, cell wall of cellulose.

24
Q

Autotrophic

A

Makes complex molecules from simple ones through photosynthesis.

25
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Consumes and digests complex molecules which are hydrolysed.

26
Q

What molecules can you compare to assess relatedness?

A

Amino acids and DNA bases.

27
Q

What is adaptation?

A

The change in a species as a useful characteristic becomes more common.

28
Q

What are the three types of adaptation?

A

Anatomical traits
Physiological traits
Behavioural traits

29
Q

Give an example of an anatomical trait

A

Sharks, dolphins and penguins having streamlined bodies to be more efficient at catching food or escaping predators.

30
Q

Give an example of a physiological trait

A

The leaves fall of deciduous plants when the temperature and light intensity increase in autumn so they do not lose water by transpiration and risk dehydration in the winter.

31
Q

Give an example of a behavioural trait

A

The displaying of a peacocks tail feathers increase its chance of reproducing successfully.

32
Q

What are the different ways of assessing relatedness between organisms?

A

Comparing amino acid sequences
DNA base sequencing
DNA fingerprinting
DNA hybridisation
Protein immunology

33
Q

Describe comparing amino acid sequences

A

The relatedness of different species can be determined by comparing the amino acid sequences of proteins common to different species, such as cytochrome C. The more amino acids in the same position that are shared, the more recent the shared common ancestor and the more closely related the organisms are.

34
Q

Describe DNA base sequencing

A

We can assess relatedness by aligning the DNA bases within genes coding for similar proteins, and the sequences compared to determine the number of differences. The fewer the differences, the more recent the shared common ancestor and the more closely related the organisms are.

35
Q

Describe DNA fingerprinting

A

DNA is extracted from each organism, DNA fragments are produced using enzymes and then the fragments are spread out on electrophoresis gel using and electric current. DNA profiles are then compared, the more similar the profiles, the more closely related the organisms.

36
Q

Describe DNA hybridisation

A

Similar sections of DNA from the two species are extracted and the double helices heated to separate the strands. The single complimentary strands are then cut into fragments and mixed. When the strands have complimentary base sequences, they hybridise together. The more hydrogen bonds that have been formed between similar bases, the more heat that is needed to separate the strands and the more closely related the organisms are.

37
Q

Describe protein immunology

A

Specific antigen proteins are found on the outside of cells. Antibodies produced against the antigens of a particular species will bind to these corresponding antigens of another species if they match and form a precipitate. The closer the evolutionary relationship, the more antigens and antibodies bind and the more precipitate is formed.

38
Q

How is biodiversity decreased with human activity?

A

Habitat loss
Invasive species
Pollution
Population increase
Over exploitation

39
Q

How is biodiversity increased with human activity?

A

Government agencies and legislations
Seed banks
Captive breeding programmes
National park
Sites of special interest
CITES

Biology 🧫 (11 decks)

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