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1 Chemicals Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference in structure of a-glucose and b-glucose

A

On Carbon 1, the OH group has the same orientation as the group on Carbon2 (bottom) in a-glucose while b-glucose is opposite

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2
Q

What are the two parts of starch?

A

Amylopectin and amylose

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3
Q

Structure of amylopectin?

A

Amylopectin is helical and branched, allowing enzymes to access parts of the molecule for digestion.
It branches every 12-30 a-glucose units

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4
Q

Structure of amylose?

A

Amylose is helical and unbranched

This allows easier conversion of excess glucose to amylose

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5
Q

Structure of glycogen?

A

Glycogen is branched and helical.

It branches every 8-12 a-glucose units

It’s needed for cellular respiration and allows more hydrolytic enzymes to hydrolysis glycogen

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6
Q

Structure of Cellulose?

A

It is straight and unbranched

It’s reduced steric hindrance allows chains to be parallel to each other, resulting in rigid-cross linking between chains for high tensile strength

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7
Q

General formula of monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n

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8
Q

Which monosaccharides are reducing sugars

A

All monosaccharides

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9
Q

Disaccharides are monosaccharides covalent oh bonded by a ___ reaction that forms ____ linkages

A

Condensation reaction
Glycosidic linkages

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10
Q

Glucose + fructose =

A

Sucrose

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11
Q

Glucose + galactose =

A

Lactose

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12
Q

Glucose + glucose =

A

Maltose

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13
Q

Cellulose molecules have OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds with others. This results in:

A

Rigid cross-linking between the chains. In plant cell walls, they are grouped into units called microfibrils

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14
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. source of stored energy that can be released during cellular respiration
  2. used to transport stored energy
  3. function as structural molecules
  4. recognition/signaling molecules
  5. building blocks for other biological molecules
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15
Q

Biochemical test for reducing sugars and it’s three results

A

Benedict’s test
If present, brick red/ orange precipitate
If some present, green or yellow
If absent, blue

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16
Q

Biochemical test for starch and results

A

Iodine test
If present, blue black observed
If absent, iodine remains brown

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17
Q

What are the roles of water?

A
  1. As a solvent
  2. Cohesion and adhesion (transport of nutrients against gravity in plants)
  3. Moderation of temperature
  4. Floating of ice
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18
Q

Orientation of monomer in cellulose ?

A

Alternate B-glucose units are rotated at 180 with respect to each other

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19
Q

General formula description of lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, very few oxygen atoms

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20
Q

Solubility of lipids?

A

Low solubility in water and high solubility in non-polar solvents

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21
Q

What makes up a fatty acid?

A

A hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain tail and a hydrophilic carboxylic group head

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22
Q

What are saturated fatty acids

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A

The saturated fatty acids tail will only have single bonds

It allows molecules to be packed together tightly

23
Q

What are kinks in unsaturated fatty acids

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A

They are formed by double bonds and prevent the molecule from rotating around the axis of the C=C bond

They prevent unsaturated molecules from packing together tightly

24
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid melting points?

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A

Saturated: less fluid and thus higher melting point

Unsaturated: more fluid and thus lower melting point

25
What are triglycerides made of
Three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule
26
What is the bonding in triglycerides
Ester bonds from condensation reactions between the glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
27
What is a ester linkage
-O-C^=O
28
What are phospholipids
They are made of a phosphate group, one glycerol molecule and 2 fatty acid molecules. It is amphipathic (Aka it’s the circle thingy or the water oil mono layer thingy)
29
Structure of steroids
Common structural motif of 4 interconnecting rings: three 6 membered and one 5 membered ring fused together
30
What is cholesterol made of?
A polar hydroxyl group A steroid ring structure A short hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail (Amphipathic)
31
Functions of lipids?
1.substrate for cellular respiration to produce chemical energy 2. Long term energy storage 3. Components of membranes 4.messengers in intercellular communication 5. Solvent and carrier or lipids
32
What do glycosidic bonds look like
2 OH from a or b glucose becomes O to bond the two
33
What does a amide linkage look like
^O=C-N-^H (Like a square 👍)
34
What are proteins made of
1. Amino group 2. Carboxylic group Center C and H 3. R group
35
What bonds are the primary structure of protein stabilized by
Peptide bonds
36
What is the primary structure of a protein
It is a sequence of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
37
What is the secondary structure of a protein and it’s bonding
They are made of two types: a-helixes b-pleated sheets They are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the amino acids
38
What is a tertiary protein structure
One polypeptide chain folded in 3D shape
39
What is a quaternary structure of protein
2 or more polypeptide chains in a protein molecule
40
What is the tertiary and quaternary stabilized by (bonds)
1. Hydrophobic interactions (b/w hydrophobic regions) 2. Hydrogen bonds (between hydrophilic/polar/ water molecules) 3. Ionic interactions (only between basic amino and acidic amino acids) 4. Disulfide linkages (b/w cysteine and cysteine, S-S)
41
What two conditions can cause proteins to be denatured
Too low/high pH Low temp (inactive) and high temp
42
What is denaturation of proteins
Disruption of bonds between secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure
43
Functions of proteins?
1. Enzymatic proteins: selective acceleration of chemical reactions 2. Storage proteins: storage of amino acids 3. Hormonal proteins: coordination of organism activities 4. Defensive proteins: protection 5. Transport proteins 6. Receptor proteins: response of cell to chemical stimuli 7. Structural proteins
44
Nucleosides may contain purines. What are they?
Adenine Guanine
45
Nucleosides may contain pyramidines. What are they?
Cytosine, thymine, uracil
46
What are nucleosides
A sugar and a base
47
What are nucleotides
A sugar, a base and a phosphate group
48
Deoxyribonucleotide vs ribonucleotide
DNA vs RNA Double stranded polynucleotide chains to form double helixes VS generally single strand
49
Complementary base pairing
5’ end to 3’ end Held together by hydrogen bonds In DNA: A-T, C-G In RNA A-U, C-G
50
Functions of nucleotides
1. Carries of chemical energy 2. Specific signaling molecules in cells
51
Function of DNA
Carries genetic information
52
Function of RNA
Used to specify sequences of amino acids in proteins
53
What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and a unsaturated fatty acid?
Saturated fatty acids on may have SINGLE BONDS neighboring carbons

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