1: Clinical anatomy - upper limb

Question 1

What are the two types of stabiliser of the shoulder joint?

Answer 1

Static

Dynamic

Question 2

What are the static stabilisers of the shoulder?

Answer 2

Capsule

Labrum

Question 3

What are the dynamic stabilisers of the shoulder?

Answer 3

Rotator cuff muscles

Pectoral muscles

Deltoid

Question 4

What are some causes of rotator cuff muscle impingement?

Answer 4

Tendonitis

Cuff tear

Bursitis

Osteophytes

Question 5

Where is injected with steroid / anaesthetic to relieve the pain of painful arc syndrome?

Answer 5

Subacromial space

(where the impingement is)

Question 6

What is a Bankart lesion?

Answer 6

Detachment of labrum from shoulder joint

Question 7

How may re-dislocation of the shoulder be prevented?

Answer 7

Cuff strengthening

i.e physiotherapy

Question 8

Which neurovascular structures may be compromised in shoulder dislocation?

Answer 8

Brachial plexus (esp. axillary nerve)

Axillary artery

Question 9

Which ligaments, connecting the collarbone to the scapula, may be damaged upon fracture of the clavicle?

Answer 9

Coracoclavicular ligaments

Question 10

note drawing of bc - adjust so axillary and radial come out below mc and above median

Question 11

What is adhesive capsulitis also known as?

Answer 11

Frozen shoulder

Question 12

Adhesive capsulitis limits the shoulder joint’s range of movement - which movement is especially affected?

Answer 12

External rotation

Question 13

Patient with which condition are more likely to develop adhesive capsulitis?

Answer 13

Diabetes

Question 14

Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the arm?

Where else does it supply?

Answer 14

Musculocutaneous nerve

Sensory to lateral forearm

Question 15

Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the arm?

Answer 15

Radial nerve

Question 16

Which nerve may be damaged by a humeral shaft fracture?

Answer 16

Radial nerve

Question 17

What sign may be present due to radial nerve damage?

Why?

Answer 17

Wrist drop

Radial nerve supplies all extensors of upper limb

Question 18

What are the two joints forming the elbow joint?

Answer 18

Humero-ulnar joint

Radio-capitellar joint

Question 19

Which elbow joint allows for flexion and extension?

Answer 19

Humero-ulnar joint

Question 20

Which elbow joint allows for supination and pronation?

Answer 20

Radio-capitellar joint

Question 21

Where is the common extensor origin?

Which disease is associated with this?

Answer 21

Lateral epicondyle

Tennis elbow

Question 22

Where is the common flexor origin?

What disease is associated with this?

Answer 22

Medial epicondyle

Golfer’s elbow

Question 23

What neurovascular structures can be compromised by supracondylar fractures?

Answer 23

Brachial artery

Median nerve

Ulnar nerve

Radial nerve

Question 24

Which forearm joints also facilitate supination and pronation?

Answer 24

PRU and DRU joints

Question 25

What primary cartilaginous joint spans the space between the radius and the ulna?

Answer 25

**Interosseous membrane**

Question 26

What is a Monteggia fracture? What is a Galeazzi fracture?

Answer 26

**Monteggia** - fracture of proximal third of ulna, radius dislocation **Galeazzi** - fracture of distal third of ulna, DRUJ dislocation

Question 27

Which nerves supply the flexors of the forearm?

Answer 27

**Median nerve** and **ulnar nerve** learn the difference

Question 28

Which nerve supplies all the extensors of the upper limb?

Answer 28

**Radial nerve**

Question 29

Which carpal bone is commonly fractured?

Answer 29

**Scaphoid**

Question 30

Which nerve is compressed in a) carpal tunnel b) cubital tunnel?

Answer 30

**a) Median nerve** **b) Ulnar nerve**

Question 31

Flexor and extensor tendons are surrounded by a ___ of fascia.

Answer 31

**sheathe**

Question 32

Inflammation of flexor tendons causes which condition, characterised by clicking on manual extension?

Answer 32

**Trigger finger**

Question 33

Which muscles give the hand a high degree of dexterity? What are some examples?

Answer 33

**Intrinsic hand muscles** **Thenar muscles, lateral lumbricals** (interosseous muscles)

Question 34

Which tendons flex the **a) PIP and MCP joints** **b) DIP joints**?

Answer 34

**a) Flexor digitorum superficialis** **b) Flexor digitorum profundus**

Question 35

Name two finger deformities.

Answer 35

**Boutonniere's deformity** **Swan neck deformity** **Squaring** and **Z-shaped thumbs**