1. DISASTER

Question 1

The word derives from French “désastre” and that from Old Italian “disastro”, which in turn comes from the Greek pejorative prefix dus = “bad” + aster = “star”.

Answer 1

Disaster

Question 2

WHO defines ________ as “any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.”

Answer 2

Disaster

Question 3

Types of Disaster

Answer 3

Natural disaster
Man made disaster

Question 4

• A serious disruption triggered by a natural hazard (hydro- metrological, geological or biological in origin) causing human, material, economic or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of those affected to cope.

Answer 4

Natural disaster

Question 5

Natural hazards can be classified according to their :

Answer 5

(1) hydro meteorological,
(2) geological or
(3) biological origins.

Question 6

Natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric hydrological or oceanographic nature. Phenomena / Examples - Cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes, tornados, Storms, hailstorms, snowstorms, cold spells, heat waves and droughts.

Answer 6

Hydrometer logical disaster

Question 7

Natural earth processes or phenomena that include processes of endogenous origin or tectonic or exogenous origin such as mass movements, Permafrost, snow avalanches. Phenomena / Examples - Earthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity, Mass movements landslides, Surface collapse, geographical fault activities etc.

Answer 7

Geographical disaster

Question 8

Processes of organic organs or those conveyed by biological vectors, including exposure to pathogenic, microorganism, toxins and bioactive substances. Phenomena / Examples - Outbreaks of epidemics Diseases, plant or animal contagion and extensive infestation etc.

Answer 8

Biographical disaster

Question 9

• A serious disruption triggered by a human-induced hazard causing human, material, economic or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of those affected to cope.

Answer 9

Human-induced disaster

Question 10

Human-induced disaster can be classified into:

Answer 10

(1) Technological Disaster and

(2) Environmental Degradation.

Question 11

Danger associated with technological or industrial accidents, infrastructure failures or certain human activities which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social or economic disruption or environmental degradation, sometimes referred to as anthropological hazards.

Examples include industrial pollution, nuclear release and radioactivity, toxic waste, dam failure, transport industrial or technological accidents (explosions fires spills).

Answer 11

Technological disaster

Question 12

• Processes induced by human behaviors and activities that damage the natural resources base on adversely alter nature processes or ecosystems.

•Examples include land degradation, deforestation, desertification, wild land fire, loss of biodiversity, land, water and air pollution climate change, sea level rise and ozone depletion.

Answer 12

Environmental degradation

Question 13

Levels of disaster:
If the organization, agency, or community is able to contain the event and respond effectively utilizing its own resources.

Answer 13

Level I

Question 14

Levels of disaster:
If the disaster requires assistance from external sources, but these can be obtained from nearby agencies.

Answer 14

Level II

Question 15

Levels of disaster:
If the disaster is of a magnitude that exceeds the capacity of the local community or region and requires assistance from state-level or even federal assets.

Answer 15

Level III

Question 16

Key elements of disaster
defined as “Phenomena that pose a threat to people, structures, or economic assets and which may cause a disaster.

• They could be either manmade or naturally occurring in our environment.”
potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.

Answer 16

Hazard

Question 17

Key elements of disaster
is the condition determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. (UN ISDR 2002)

Answer 17

Vulnerability

Question 18

Key elements of disaster
Is the combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.
- may include physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled personal or collective attributes such as ‘leadership’ and ‘management.
Also described as capability

Answer 18

Capacity

Question 19

Key elements of disaster
is the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human- induced hazards and vulnerable conditions. (UNDP 2004)

Answer 19

Risk

Question 20

can be defined as “the adaptation of professional nursing knowledge, skills and attitude in recognizing and meeting the nursing, health and emotional needs of disaster victims.”

Answer 20

Disaster nursing

Question 21

Phases of disaster

Answer 21

• Pre-Impact Phase

• Impact Phase

• Post – Impact Phase

Question 22

• It is the initial phase of disaster, prior to the actual occurrence.

• A warning is given at the sign of the first possible danger to a community

• The earliest possible warning is crucial in preventing toss of life and minimizing damage.

• This is the period when the emergency preparedness plan is put into effect emergency centers are opened by the local civil, detention authority.

Answer 22

Pre-Impact Phase

Question 23

occurs when the disaster actually happens.

• It is a time of enduring hardship or injury end of trying to survive.

• may last for several minutes (e.g. after an earthquake, plane crash or explosion.) or for days or weeks (eg in a flood, famine or epidemic).
• continues until the threat of further destruction has passed and emergency plan is in effect.

• This is the time when the emergency operation center is established and put in operation.

•It serves as the center for communication and other government agencies of health tears care healthcare providers to staff shelters.

Answer 23

Impact Phase

Question 24

Recovery begins during the emergency phase and ends with the return of normal community order and functioning.

•For persons in the impact area this phase may last a lifetime (e.g. - victims of the atomic bomb of Hiroshima).

Answer 24

Post-impact phase