1. Endocrine Anatomy I Flashcards by J L

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• A few, widely separated glands that form discrete anatomical organs; and
• Other, smaller groups of cells located in organs belonging to other systems

From the anatomical perspective…
Endocrine glands are distinguished by one fundamental characteristic: they do not have ____, but instead, discharge their secretions directly into the ____. Consequently, endocrine tissue is particularly ____!

ducts
bloodstream
vascular

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The endocrine system (along with the nervous and immune systems), facilitates communication, integration and regulation of body functions, interacting with target cells and tissues, many distant, by releasing ____ into the bloodstream

hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PITUITARY GLAND (Hypophysis cerebri)

Reddish-grey, ____ body; weight ca. 500 mg.
Lies within the ____ of the sphenoid, at center of ____
Covered superiorly by a ____ of dura matter

ovoid
hypohyseal fossa
sella turcica
diaphragma sella

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pituitary is continuous with the ____, a hollow, conical, inferior process of the
____ of the hypothalamus

The pituitary gland is actually two closely associated endocrine organs that differ in their origin, structure and function:

Neurohypophysis= ____
Adenohypophysis= ____

infundibulum
tuber cinereum
posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The neurohypophysis is a ____ downgrowth connected with the hypothalamus

Both include parts of the ____ (stalk)

The adenohypophysis is an ____ derivative of the ____

diencephalic
infundibulum
ectodermal
stomodeum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The stalk of the pituitary has a central ____ that contains neural hypophyseal connections and is continuous with the ____ of the tuber cinereum

The highly vascular adenohypophysis
consists of ____ cells of varying size and shape arranged in cords or irregular follicles between that lie thin walled ____

infundibular stem
median eminence

epithelial
vascular sinusoids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Axons from neurons located in ____, including ____ neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, pass to the main mass of the ____ in the ____ tract

hypothalamic nuclei
magnocellular
neurohypophysis
hypothalamic-hypophyseal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Axons from neurons located in hypothalamic nuclei, including magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, pass to the main mass of the neurohypophysis in the
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

superior hypophyseal
arteries, arising from the ____ portion of each ____, contribute bilaterally to formation of a ____ around the
infundibulum

cerebral
ICA
vascular plexus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Axons from ____ cells in the paraventricular nucleus, as well as axons from other ____ nuclei, course toward the ____

as releasing/inhibiting hormones regulating anterior pituitary hormones

A single
\_\_\_\_
artery, arising from the
cavernous portion
of each \_\_\_\_, divides
on each side into
medial and lateral
branches, which
anastomose across
the midline and form an \_\_\_\_ around the infundibulum

parvocellular
hypothalmic
adenohypohysis

inferior hypophyseal
ICA
arterial ring

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood in the hypophyseal arteries enters capillaries contributing to the ____ SYSTEM allowing fast hormonal communication between ____ and ____

hypophyseal portal
hypothalamus
pituitary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hormones that enter the neurohypophysis via the ____ tract may be released into a spray of capillaries arising from the ____ and enter the hypophyseal portal system

____ (ADH)
____

hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis are released into the sinusoids and drain via ____

portal vessels descend toward the ____, opening into vascular sinusoids lying between the secretory cords in the ____

the portal system carries hormone releasing factors controlling the secretory cycles of cells in the ____ adenohypophysis

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
superior hypophyseal arteries
vasopressin
oxytocin

hypophyseal veins
pars anterior
adenohypophysis

pars anterior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The venous drainage of the pituitary is directed:
• To the ____
• To ____

hypothalamus

venous dural sinuses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Major ant pit hormones:

____
____
____
____
____
____

Major pit hormones:

____
____

GNRH
somatostatin
CRH
GnRH
TRH
PIH

oxytocin
ADH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pineal gland is a feature of the ____,

lying at the posterior end of the ____

epithalamus

third ventricle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Note that the pineal modifies activity of both ____ and ____ and that pineal secretions may reach these targets via EITHER
____ or the ____

The pineal is bathed in ____ through a small pineal recess projecting into the stalk of the gland

neurohypophysis
adenohypophysis
CSF
blood stream
CSF

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Glandular function is regulated by inputs from the ____ of the Hypothalamus responsible for controlling ____

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pineal gland produces ____, a ____-derived hormone that modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles

The pineal has an extensive blood supply provided by ____ branches of the ____

Which essential amino acid is a precursor? ____

melatonin
seratonin

choroidal
posterior cerebral artery

tryptophan

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pinealocytes, highly modified ____, synthesize ____ and secrete it into a surrounding network of fenestrated capillaries

It is suggested that the Pinealocytes are derived (phylogenetically)
from ____ cells and in fact, melatonin production
IS stimulated by ____ and inhibited by ____

NOTE : calcifications called ____ or “brain sand” increase with age- implicated in dementia

neurons
melatonin

photoreceptor
darkness
light

acervuli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Venous drainage of the pineal is directed toward the ____

Study These Flashcards

great cerebral vein (great vein of galen)

Recall that the thyroid:
• Located in the ____
• Lies deep to the ____ muscles, which must be retracted in order to access the gland during life
• Is found, along with related viscera, in a fascial compartment formed by the ____ and ____ layers of the ____

Study These Flashcards

anterior cervical triangle
infrahyoid (cervical strap)
pretracheal
buccopharyngeal
deep cervical fascia

Recall that the developing thyroid descends
through the neck during development, passing
anterior to elements of the laryngeal skeleton
and reaching its final position, with obliteration of
the ____ DUCT by the ____ week of embryonic development

Study These Flashcards

thyroglossal duct

eighth

LINGUAL THYROID
• Most common form of ____
Firm, pink red midline mass encountered just posterior to ____
Initial identification often by dental practitioners

Study These Flashcards

ectopic thyroid

foramen cecum

Lingual thyroid

Ectopic thyroid tissue in the median plane is often the only thyroid tissue, so…

Removal may leave the patient on ____ for life

Study These Flashcards

thyroid replacement medication

Approximately 50% of all individuals present with a ____
of the thyroid, (usually) extending ____ from the isthmus of the gland

Excision of the pyramidal lobe may provide a surgical challenge in total ____

The pyramidal lobe may be encountered during, and complicate, emergency ____

Study These Flashcards

pyramidal lobe
superiorly
thyroidectomy
cricothyrotomy

THYROGLOSSAL CYSTS • result from the failure of the ____ duct to regress completely • These ____-filled cavities present clinically as firm, irregular ____ neck masses.

thyroglossal fluid firm

The posteromedial aspects of the left and right lobes are attached to the ____ cartilage via ____ The ligament effectively suspends the gland from the ____.

cricoid ligamentous attachments (berry's ligament) airway

GOITER (due to ____ deficiency) may lead to enlargement of the thyroid gland in all directions except ____, leading to compression of: • ____ • ____ • ____

``` iodine superiorly trachea esophagus recurrent laryngeal nerves ```

The thyroid gland is said to have the ____ blood supply per unit of tissue of any organ in the body superior thyroid artery from the ____ inferior thyroid artery from the ____

greatest external carotid thyrocervical trunk

Unique among the endocrine glands, the epithelial cells of the thyroid form ____; the outer wall of each vesicle is adjacent to an abundant ____, and the hollow within the vesicle serves as a storehouse for ____ until it is needed by the rest of the body When present, the thyroid ima artery arises from either the ____ or the ____.

``` vesicles capillary network thyroid hormone aortic arch branchiocephalic trunk ```

Recall the proximity of the thyroid arteries to the branches of ____ responsible for the innervation of the larynx and the resultant vulnerability of those nerves to iatrogenic injury in ____

CN X | thyroidectomy

A ____ envelops the thyroid gland

glandular venous plexus

Superior and middle thyroid veins drain into the ____...

IJV

..but the INFERIOR THYROID VEIN drains to the ____ in the ____

left brachiocephalic vein | superior mediastinum

PARATHYROID GLANDS Though closely associated with the thyroid, the (normally) ____ parathyroid glands differ in both origin and physiology... ...the parathyroids are derived from the walls of the____ and ____ pharyngeal pouches

four third fourth

PARATHYROID GLANDS The glands are small, flattened ovals, found above and below the entry into the thyroid of the ____ These arteries provide the ____ blood supply to the parathyroids Venous drainage is to the ____ ____ hormone exerts control over the calcium content of the blood, with implications for nervous and muscular function as well as the integrity of the bony skeleton While ____ innervation of these glands is abundant, it is purely ____ as parathyroid secretion is hormonally regulated The glands are carefully spared in ____

``` inferior thyroid arteries primary thyroid venous plexus parathyroid sympathetic vasomotor thyroidectomy ```

The THYMUS is a T-cell producing ____ lymphoid organ vital to the the development and maturation of the immune system during childhood Derived from the ____ pharyngeal pouches the thymus descends during development, thus ____ (accessory) thymic tissue is a possibility A ____ in fact attaches thyroid and thymus

primary third ectopic thyrothymic ligament

Relatively large in infancy, the thymus ____ in size through adolescence and gradually ____ beginning around age 20, with progressive ____ replacement through adulthood

increases involutes fatty

When sizeable, the thymus consists of two ____ lobes, touching (and sometimes uniting into a single mass) in the ____. At this stage, the gland will be situated partly in the ____ and partly in the ____. Arterial supply from the ____ and internal thoracic arteries. Venous drainage via the ____, internal thoracic, and ____.

asymmetric midline thorax neck inferior thyroid left brachiocephalic inferior thryoid veins

Similar to the thyroid, accessory thymic tissue may be located anywhere along the path of descent form the ____ pharyngeal pouch of the ____ ducts. The thymus was once worshipped as the “seat of the soul” by the ancient Greeks!

third | thymopharyngeal

Beyond vasomotor function, the role of the ____ nervous system in the biology of the thymus is poorly understood Note that the ____ nerves innervate the loose fibrous connective tissue capsule of the gland. In the adult, that ____ is usually what distinguishea the atrophied thymus from surrounding tissues Thymic remnants are a feature of both the ____ and ____ in the adult

``` sympathetic phrenic capsule superior anterior mediastinum ```

SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL) GLANDS * ____ retroperitoneal glands * Surrounded by ____ and enclosed by renal fascia by which they attach to the ____ * Associated with the ____ of the kidneys * Composed of cords of epithelial cells with abundant ____ between the cords * Each features an outer ____ and central ____

``` primary perirenal fat crura of the diaphragm superior poles capillaries cortex medulla ```

The suprarenal glands are roughly ____ in shape The right suprarenal is normally ____ in shape... ... while the left suprarenal is normally ____

triangular pyramidal semilunar

The adrenal cortex and medulla are really two ____ endocrine glands which have become closely associated Each has a unique function and developmental history MEDULLA arises from some of the ____ cells that give rise to the ____ ganglia and is permeated with capillaries and sinusoids CORTEX arises directly by proliferation of ____ epithelium and secretes ____ and androgens

separate neural crest peripheral sympathetic mesodermal coelomic epithelium corticosteroids

The ____ seems to be the only endocrine gland whose activity is controlled entirely by nerve impulses... ... as preganglionic sympathetic fibers from ____ nerves end directly on ____ cells, rather than on postganglionic neurons located in either paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia The effects of ____, secreted by the medulla, are complementary to those of the sympathetic nervous system

suprarenal medulla thoracic splanchnic medullary chromaffin epinephrine

Each gland receives THREE suprarenal arteries • SUPERIOR- from the ____ • MIDDLE- from the ____ • INFERIOR- from the ____

inferior phrenic a abdominal aorta renal artery

The RIGHT suprarenal vein drains directly into the ____ The LEFT suprarenal vein drains directly into the ____

inferior vena cava | left renal vein

Lymphatic drainage of the suprarenal glands is abundant and directed toward ____ NODES

lumbar

1. Endocrine Anatomy I Flashcards

(47 cards)