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Oncology: Topic List 1 > 1. Etiology of cancer > Flashcards

1. Etiology of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the result of malignant tumors?

A
  • imbalances in the controlled process of normal cell division and cell death
  • DNA mutations that are not repaired in a normal manner and are passed on to daughter cells without undergoing apoptosis
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2
Q

Etiological factors of cancer

A
  • Environmental effects: 80-90%
  • Infections: 5-10%
  • Hereditary factors: 5%
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3
Q

What is the premature death rate due to smoking?

A
  • 6 million per year
  • 2.1 million due to malignancy
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4
Q

What cancers are related to smoking?

A

lung, larynx, lip, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus

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5
Q

Examples of natural carcinogens

A
  • Alfatoxin B1 leads to liver cancer
  • Asbestos leads to mesothelioma and lung cancer
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6
Q

Examples of hormonal carcinogens

A
  • Estradiol and Tamoxifen, leading to breast cancer
  • Estrogen leading to breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer
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7
Q

IARC classification of carcinogens

A
  • Category 1: proven carcinogens
  • Category 2/A: probable carcinogens
  • Category 2/B: possible carcinogens
  • Category 3: not classifiable as to carcinogenicity
  • Category 4: probably not carcinogenic
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8
Q

What are category 1 carcinogens?

A
  • proven carcinogens
  • tobacco smoke, asbestos, alcohol, UV, ionizing radiation, air pollution, contraceptives, processed meat
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9
Q

What are Category 2/A carcinogens?

A
  • probable carcinogens
  • bitumen, DDT, anabolic steroids, red meat
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10
Q

What are category 2/B carcinogens?

A
  • possible carcinogens
  • phobarbital, cloroform, fiberglass, gasoling, diesel oil, carbon black, lead, chrome, nickel
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11
Q

What are category 3 carcinogens?

A
  • not classifiable as to carcinogenicity
  • caffeine, tea, PVC, printing inks, magnetic and electric fields, paracetamol, diazepem
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12
Q

What are category 4 carcinogens?

A
  • probably not carcinogenic
  • caprolactam
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13
Q

Examples of carcinogenic microorganisms

A
  • Human papillomavirus (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33)
  • Hepatitis B virus
  • Hepatitis C virus
  • Human polyomavirus (BK, JC)
  • Human herpesvirus (EBV, CMV, KS)
  • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Schistosoma haematobium and japonicum
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14
Q

Examples of hereditary cancer syndromes

A
  • hereditary breast cancer: BRCA1, BRCA2
  • hereditary retinoblastoma: RB1
  • Wilms tumor: WT1
  • familial adenomatous polyposis: APC
  • Lynch syndrom: MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 PMS1, PMS2
  • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: STK11/LKB1
  • Ataxia telangiectasia: ATM
  • Li-Fraumeni syndrome: TP53
  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia: MEN1
  • Xeroderma pigmentosum: XPA, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPE
  • Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: VHL
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15
Q

Characteristic tumors of HPV

A

cervical, anal, bladder, head and neck

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16
Q

Characteristic tumors of HBV

A

hapatocellular carcinoma

17
Q

Characteristic tumors of HCV

A

lymphoma, aplastic anemia, hepatocellular carcinoma

18
Q

Characteristic tumors of human polyomavirus

A

childhood neuroblastoma

19
Q

Characteristic tumors of human herpesvirus

A

nasopharynx, Burkitt’s lymphoma, lethal midline granuloma, Kaposi sarcoma

20
Q

Characteristic tumors of HIV

A

Increased risk of any tumor development as a result of the primary immunosuppression

21
Q

Characteristic tumors of helicobacter pylori

A

stomach

22
Q

Characteristic tumors of Schistosoma haematobium/japonicum

A

bladder, liver, clorectal, stomach

23
Q

Characteristic tumors of breast and ovarian cancer syndrome

A

breast, ovary, prostate, pancreas

24
Q

Characteristic tumors of hereditary retinoblastoma

A

retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma

25
Q

Characteristic tumors of familial adenomatous polyposis

A

GI, brain, thyroid, retina

26
Q

Characteristic tumors of Lynch syndrome

A

nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

27
Q

Characteristic tumors of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

A

GI, breast, ovary, uterine corpus, testicle, pancreas

28
Q

Characteristic tumors of Ataxia telangiectasia

A

lymphoma, leukemia, breast, adrenal gland

29
Q

Characteristic tumors of Li-Fraumeni syndrome

A

sarcoma, breast, brain, leukemia

30
Q

Characteristic tumors of multiple endocrine neoplasia

A

insulinoma, gastrinoma, hypophysis, parathyroid gland

31
Q

Characteristic tumors of Xeroderma pigmentosum

A

melanoma, basal cell carcinoma

32
Q

Characteristic tumors of Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

A

clear cell renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, retinal angioma

33
Q

Prevalence of sporadic/acquired tumors

A

> 95%

34
Q

Prevalence of hereditary tumors

A

<5%

Oncology: Topic List 1 (9 decks)

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