#1: Fundamentals of Organic Molecules

Question 1

Scope of chemistry

Answer 1

• Structure and properties of organic compounds
• Synthesis of organic compounds
• Characterization of organic compounds
• Reaction mechanisms
• Natural products chemistry
• Materials Chemistry
• Medicinal chemistry
• Environmental chemistry

Question 2

the two most important persons to recognize that Carbon (C) is tetravalent

Answer 2

Friedrich August Kekule and Archibald Scott Couper

Question 3

What does it mean when you say tetravalent?

Answer 3

Carbon can form four covalent bonds with other atoms such as hydrogen(H), oxygen(O), nitrogen(N), and with itself.

Question 4

Examples of other atoms where Carbon can form covalent bonds with

Answer 4

Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N)

Question 5

nature of carbon

Answer 5

• It can form linear, branched, and cyclic bonds with a wide array of organic substances.
• It can form a more diverse molecular structure if the carbon atom will have single, double, and triple bonds.
• This is not only for carbon atoms but also for other atoms like nitrogen, and oxygen which will form small and simple molecules and to a greater extent of biomolecules that are found in living organisms.

Question 6

two types of organic molecules

Answer 6

hydrocarbons and with heteroatoms

Question 7

two types of hydrocarbons and their subtypes

Answer 7

aliphatic (straight chain): alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and their cyclic analogs
aromatic (cyclic structure): benzene ring

Question 8

types of organic molecules with heteroatoms and their subtypes

Answer 8

• oxygen-containing: alcohol (phenols), ethers, esters, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid
• sulfur-containing: thiols, sulfides
• halogen-containing (contains chlorine and bromine): acid chloride, organic halides/Alkyl and aryl halides
• nitrogen-containing: amines, amides, amino acids

Question 9

a molecule of the kind normally found in living systems.

Answer 9

organic molecules

Question 10

any of a class of organic chemical compounds composed only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).

Answer 10

hydrocarbons

Question 11

what includes the saturated and unsaturated compounds?

Answer 11

saturated: alkanes
unsaturated: alkenes and alkynes

Question 12

he presented a notion about the chemical inertness of the noble gases indicated a high degree of stability of the electron configuration of these elements (the noble gases have completely filled valence shells).

Answer 12

Gilbert N. Lewis

Question 13

devised a model of bonding that unified many of the observations about chemical reactions of the elements.

Answer 13

Gilbert N. Lewis

Question 14

______ of a molecule happens when it acquire the complete (octet) Eight electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

Answer 14

Chemical bonding

Question 15

Two types of covalent bond

Answer 15

Polar and Non-polar

Question 16

An atom becomes ______ when it loses an electron.

Answer 16

positively charged (+) ion/ cation

Question 17

An atom becomes ______ when it gains an electron.

Answer 17

negatively charged (-) ion/ anion

Question 18

when the two atoms shared their electrons it forms a _______.

Answer 18

covalent bond

Question 19

formed by the complete transfer of some electrons from one atom to another.

Answer 19

ionic bond

Question 20

the electrons shared are not equal

Answer 20

polar covalent bond

Question 21

the electrons shared are equal

Answer 21

non-polar covalent bond

Question 22

hydrocarbons composed of single bonds

Answer 22

saturated hydrocarbons

Question 23

hydrocarbons composed of double or triple bonds

Answer 23

unsaturated hydrocarbons

Question 24

Elements aside from carbon and hydrogen which is incorporated in organic compounds

Answer 24

heteroatoms

Question 25

most common heteroatoms

Answer 25

Oxygen, Nitrogen, and the halogens (Cl, Br, I, F)