1 - Global Health - Non Infectious Disease (Cancer)

Question 1

Leading Causes of Death Due to Infectious Diseases

Answer 1

Lower respiratory infections 
HIV/AIDS
Diarrhoeal diseases
Tuberculosis
Malaria 
Measles

Question 2

Leading causes of death due to non-infectious diseases

Answer 2

heart diseases
cerebro-vascular disease
respiratory infections 
HIV/AIDS
COPD
(in 3rd world countries, mortality due to malnutrition/deficiencies)

Question 3

Epidemiological transition

Answer 3

changes in levels and causes of mortality
decline in total mortality, and a significant reduction in infectious and deficiency diseases, which increase the relative role of chronic non-communicable diseases like cancers, cardiovascular and chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes
transition is complex and dynamic: the health and disease patterns of a society evolve in diverse ways as a result of demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes
continuous transformation process, with some diseases disappearing and others appearing or re-emerging. There are some outstanding examples, such as the emergence of new infectious diseases like AIDS, the increase in infections that were previously controlled, such as tuberculosis and dengue fever, the decline
in stomach cancer and the rise and fall of lung cancer, and the shift from stroke to heart disease

Question 4

Which measure of disease occurrence can be obtained from cross sectional studies?

Answer 4

prevalence

Question 5

Prevalence

Answer 5

Prevalence is the frequency of a disease in a population at a point in time; hence it is often called point prevalence
Prevalence is a proportion. It is the only measure of disease occurrence that can be obtained from cross sectional studies. It measures the burden of disease in a population.
Prevalence
measures status (a condition: a subject affected by a specific disease)
prevalence is dependant on the incidence and the duration of disease (incidence x duration)
Prevalent cases include both new (incident) and existing cases

Question 6

Epidemiology

Answer 6

ability to quantify the occurrence of disease in populations

Question 7

Incidence

Answer 7

Incidence quantifies the number of new cases of a disease within a specified time interval. Incidence measures events (a change from a healthy state to a diseased state).

Question 8

Mortality

Answer 8

number of deaths attributed to a specific condition in a given time period

Question 9

Morbidity

Answer 9

number of cases of ill health, complications, side effects attributed to a particular condition over a particular time period

Question 10

Most commonly diagnosed cancers

Answer 10

Lung
breast
colorectal

Question 11

most common causes of cancer death

Answer 11

lung
liver
stomach

Question 12

largest preventable cause of cancer

Answer 12

smoking

Question 13

which may become more important contributors to cancer rates than infections in some countries?

Answer 13

smoking

overweight

Question 14

Examples of non-communicable diseases

Answer 14

cancers
cardiovascular disease
chronic respiratory disease
diabetes

Question 15

leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa

Answer 15

infectious diseases