1. Groundwork

Question 1

A statement

Answer 1

A self-contained sentence that is either true or false

Question 2

Non-statement

Answer 2

Questions, commands, greetings, sentences which refer to other sentences

Question 3

Argument

Answer 3

A group of statements some of which (premises), are offered to support another statement (conclusion)

Question 4

Premise

Answer 4

A premise is a statement that provides support for a conclusion in an argument

Question 5

A conclusion

Answer 5

A statement that is at the endpoint of an argument

Question 6

A conclusion indicator

Answer 6

A word or a phrase used to indicate that the following statement is a conclusion

Eg. ‘Therefore’

Question 7

Examples of conclusion indicators

Answer 7

Therefore
Thus
Hence
Consequently

Question 8

Examples of premise indicators

Answer 8

Because
Since
Supposing that
Given that

Question 9

An explanation

Answer 9

Is a statement or collection of statements describing why something happens

Question 10

A vague sentence

Answer 10

A sentence or word which has a range of possible meanings blurred together

Question 11

A generalisation

Answer 11

A statement that applies to a class of objects or events of some kind, rather to just an individual

Question 12

A universal generalisation

Answer 12

A generalisation applies to all members of a class, without exception

Question 13

An empirical generalisation

Answer 13

A generalisation applies to most members of a class, but can have exceptions

Question 14

An ideal definition

Answer 14

Definitions which set strict criteria
They require necessary and sufficient conditions

Question 15

A cluster definitions

Answer 15

Definitions which have sufficent conditions, and near necessary conditions that allow for exceptions

Question 16

Institutional definitions

Answer 16

Definitions that are explicit sociological constructs based on the evaluation experts affirmed by relevant institutions

Question 17

Psychological bias

Answer 17

A bias where there is a tendency to think in certain ways that can lead to systematic deviations from a standard of rationality or good judgement.

Also known as cognitive bias

Question 18

A confirmation bias

Answer 18

A psychological bias towards only seeking supporting evidence

Question 19

A worldview

Answer 19

A personal set of assumptions and defaults that constrains and constructs everyones critical thinking

Question 20

The veil of ignorance

Answer 20

[Incomplete]

Question 21

A disposition

Answer 21

An underlying tendency to have an attitude

Question 22

True or False: Conclusions occur at the end of the argument

Answer 22

Not always

Question 23

What does a conclusion indicator show?

Answer 23

That the author is giving reasons to think some statement is a conclusion

Question 24

True or False: Advice and Instructions are Arguments

Answer 24

False

Question 25

Lexical ambiguity

Answer 25

Ambigious or polysemous words ‘We saw her duck’ Did you see her duck (bird) or (verb)

Question 26

Prosodic ambiguity

Answer 26

Where sentences change meaning when we emphasise different words “Shes not the main problem” (she emphasis) vs “Shes not the main problem” (main emphasis”

Question 27

Syntatic ambiguity

Answer 27

When a sentence has multiple possible grammatical structures

Question 28

What type of reasoning is used for universal generalisations

Answer 28

Deductive

Question 29

What type of reasoning is used for empirical generalisations

Answer 29

Non deductive

Question 30

Where can we often find cluster definitions be found?

Answer 30

Common in science

Question 31

Where can institutional definitions be found?

Answer 31

Found in communities of niches mostly