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GCSE - Geography > 1 - Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

1 - Hazardous Earth Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Explain Atmospheric Circulation

A
  1. Warm air rises at the ITCZ due to intense heating (low pressure)
  2. Air cools and falls (high pressure).
  3. The difference in pressure causes trade winds to bring the air back to the ITCZ
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2
Q

Why are trade winds curved?

A

Due to the Coriolanus effect the winds are curved.

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3
Q

Why is their intense heating?

A

The high angle causes the sun’s UV to be concentrated.

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4
Q

How are ocean currents powered?

A

Wind from the atmospheric circulation cells. OR due to differences in pressure.

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5
Q

Density and ocean currents.

A

At Arctic and Antarctic water water is cooled = low density, it sinks. Warmer water is pulled in. The cycle repeats.

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6
Q

Effect of global circulation

A

Transfer heat around the world.

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7
Q

Natural Climate Change: 2 periods

A

Interglacials and Glacials

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8
Q

How is past climate data collected?

A

Using ice-core data.

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9
Q

Causes of Natural Climate change.

A 
Milankovich cycle (orbital), 
Sun radiation change,
Volcanic eruptions,
Asteroid Collisions,
Ocean currents.
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10
Q

Milankovich Cycle

A

Every 100,000 years the orbit changes shape.

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11
Q

Sun radiation change.

A

Sunspots - more intense

More solar flares.

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12
Q

Volcanic eruptions

A

Pump ash into atmosphere blocking sunlight - cooling.

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13
Q

Asteroid collisions.

A

Debris can block sun - cooling.

Fires release CO2 - global warming.

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14
Q

Ocean currents and climate change.

A

Currents shift directing warm water elsewhere.

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15
Q

Human causes of Climate Change.

A

Industry,
Transport,
Energy Production,
Farming.

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16
Q

Explain Greenhouse effect.

A
  1. UV reaches atmosphere, some is reflected.
  2. Land and oceans absorb heat.
  3. Infrared is emitted, and is trapped because of greenhouse gases.
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17
Q

Human climate change and global temperatures

A

Rising,

2015: +1C from 1850

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18
Q

Human climate change and CO2

A

Rising in parallel with global temperatures.

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19
Q

Human climate change and ocean temperature.

A

Rising by 0.11C per decade (1971 - 2010)

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20
Q

Human climate change and arctic sea ice.

A

Covers 13% less each decade

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21
Q

Human climate change and sea levels

A

Risen by 14cm in 21st century.

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22
Q

Human climate change and extreme weather.

A

5x more common vs a century ago.

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23
Q

Consequences of Global Warming.

A

Coastal flooding, biodiversity loss, extreme weather, pests and disease, loss of glaciers, draughts

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24
Q

Tropical cyclone names

A

Hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons

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25
Required water temperature for tropical cyclones
26.5C
26
Latitude where tropical cyclones form.
5 to 30
27
Tropical cyclones and pressure.
Low pressure - As warm air rises it draws in more air.
28
Tropical Cyclones and rotation
Coriolis effect causes a spiral rotation
29
Tropical cyclones and structure
- Cylinder of rising spiralling air (low pressure) | - EYE: descending high pressure air.
30
Tropical Cyclones and size
UP to 640km x 10km high
31
Tropical Cyclones and movement.
Start: Warm tropic water, move westwards. Some: reach belt of winds blowing west and reverses direction. Can travel 640km in a day
32
Saffir Simpson scale and wind speed (1->5)
Increases: 1. 119-153km/h 5. 252+km/h
33
Saffir Simpson scale and pressure.
Reduces 1: 980+ millibar 5: <920 millibar
34
Saffir Simpson scale and storm surge.
Increases: 1: 1 -> 1.7m 5: >5.7m
35
Category 5 damage
Catastophic
36
Category 1 damage
Some damage.
37
Cyclone intensifier
Water temperature Low wind shear (different speeds/directions) High humidity
38
Cyclone dissipaters
``` Reach land (no water to power it) Reaches colder water ``` Wind shear
39
Formation of Tropical Cyclone
1. Warm sea temperatures 2. High humidity 3. Rapid cooling - condensing causes energy release (latent heat) 4. Coriolis effect causes rotation (not enough at 5) 5. Pre-existing low pressure, storms merge.
40
Layers of the Earth.
Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, outer core, inner core
41
What powers the core
Nuclear decay.
42
Inner core conditions
6000C High pressure Solid iron
43
Outer Core
5000C Liquid iron and nickel
44
Asphenosphere
Plastic region, | Under enough pressure that rocks flow
45
Lower Mantle
3000C
46
Lithosphere
Solid | Tectonic plates.
47
Convection currents and plate movement
Heat from core causes rising towards surface. The force moves plates. Falls towards core to be reheated.
48
Density and the lithosphere
Continental Crust : Granite (Less dense) Oceanic Crust: Basalt (more dense) BOTH less dense than asthenosphere.
49
Convergent Plate boundary
2 plates converge | denser plate subducts
50
Collision plate boundary.
2 plates converge | Equal density, forming fold mountains
51
Divergent plate boundary
Rising magma from convection currents pull apart 2 plates causing volcanic ridge. Many earthquakes.
52
Conservative
2 plates slide along. | Many earthquakes
53
Shield volcano
Constructive boundary (divergent) OR hotspots. Basaltic lava. Gentle sloping sides, wide base Frequent but effusive eruptions
54
Composite (strato volcano)
Andesic lava Steep sides, narrow base Layers from previous eruptions Infrequent but explosive eruptions
55
Basaltic lava
Low viscosity - travels far | Low silica and gas content
56
Andesic lava
High viscosity - not as far Less hot High silica and gas content
57
Epicentre
Point on surface above focus.
58
Focus (hypocentre)
Central point underground
59
Primary impacts of Earthquakes
Death, injury | Destruction of buildings and infrastructure
60
Secondary impacts of earthquakes
Fires from fractured gas pipes and electricity pylons Landslides Disease, no sanitation Tsunami
61
Primary impacts of volcanoes
Death, injury | Destruction of buildings, infrastructure and farmland
62
Secondary impacts of volcanoes
``` Atmospheric pollution (ash) Mudflows (lahars) Landslides Flooding by diverted river Tsunamis by landslide or cliff collapse. ```

GCSE - Geography (2 decks)

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