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1. Headache Flashcards

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1
Q

What mnemonic can be used to remember different sinister causes of headache?

A 
VIVID:
Vascular
Infection 
Vision-threatening
ICP raised
Dissection (carotid)
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2
Q

List the vascular causes of headaches

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Subdural/Extradural haematoma
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Cerebellar infarct

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3
Q

List the infectious causes of headaches

A

Meningitis

Encephalitis

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4
Q

List the vision-threatening causes of headaches

A 
Temporal arteritis
Acute glaucoma
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Pituitary apoplexy
Posterior leucoencephalopathy
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5
Q

List the causes that raise ICP

A

Space-occupying lesion
Cerebral oedema
Hydrocephalus
Malignant hypertension

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6
Q

List some red flag symptoms of headache.

A 
Decreased level of consciousness
Sudden-onset worst headache ever
Seizure or focal neurological deficit
Absence of previous episodes 
Reduced visual acuity
Persistent headache – worse when lying down and early morning nausea
Progressive, persistent headache 
Constitutional symptoms 
Past medical history of malignancy or immunosuppression
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7
Q

What cause of headache can also result in a decreased level of consciousness?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Subdural/extradural haematoma
Meningitis/encephalitis

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8
Q

What must you consider if someone complains of a sudden-onset worst headache ever?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

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9
Q

What does a focal neurological deficit along with a headache suggest?

A

Intracranial pathology

NOTE: migrainous aura can also give neurological signs (either positive or negative)

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10
Q

Which cause of headache is commonly accompanied by reduced visual acuity?

A

Temporal arteritis

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11
Q

What are the four main features of temporal arteritis?

A

Headache
Jaw claudication
Reduced visual acuity
Scalp tenderness

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12
Q

What type of headache is associated with causing early morning nausea/vomiting and a headache that is worse when lying down?

A

Raised ICP

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13
Q

What is likely to cause a headache that is worse when standing up?

A

Reduced ICP – this is common after an LP and is not considered sinister

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14
Q

What does a progressive, persistent headache suggest?

A

Gradually expanding space-occupying lesion (e.g. tumour, abscess, cyst)

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15
Q

List some constitutional symptoms. What can cause such symptoms?

A

Fever, weight loss, night sweats

It may suggest malignancy, chronic infection or chronic inflammation

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16
Q

What are some red flag features of the past medical history of someone presenting with headache?

A

History of malignancy (headache could be caused by brain metastases)
History of immunosuppression or HIV (increased risk of intracranial infection)

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17
Q

What are some important features of the basic observations that may make you suspect a sinister cause of the headache?

A

Altered consciousness
Blood pressure and pulse (check for malignant hypertension)
Temperature (suggests infection)

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18
Q

Describe the appearance of 3rd nerve palsy.

A

The pupil is down and out
Ptosis
Mydriasis (unless it is pupil-sparing 3rd nerve palsy)

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19
Q

What can cause a headache that is accompanied by 3rd nerve palsy?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm

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20
Q

Describe the appearance of 6th nerve palsy.

A

Inability to abduct the affected eye

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21
Q

The 6th cranial nerve is the most susceptible to compression due to raised ICP. Explain why.

A

It has the longest intracranial course of any cranial nerve and so is most susceptible to compression by raised ICP

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22
Q

Describe the appearance of 12th nerve palsy.

A

Protraction of the tongue will make it deviate towards the side of the lesion

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23
Q

What can cause headache that is associated with 12th nerve palsy?

A

Carotid artery dissection

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24
Q

Describe the appearance of Horner’s syndrome.

A

Ptosis
Miosis
Anhydrosis

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25
What can cause headache that is associated with Horner’s syndrome?
Carotid artery dissection
26
List some key features of eye examination and the underlying pathology that each of them is associated with.
Exophthalmos – suggests retro-orbital pathology (e.g. cavernous sinus thrombosis) Cloudy cornea + fixed, dilated pupil – acute glaucoma Papilloedema – raised ICP
27
What age group is most commonly affected by temporal arteritis?
Over 50 yrs old
28
Describe the pathophysiology of temporal arteritis.
It is characterised by the formation of immune, inflammatory granulomas in the tunica media of medium/large arteries The inflammation resulting from the immune infiltration can lead to blockage of the lumen of arteries
29
Describe the management of temporal arteritis.
High dose corticosteroids
30
List some non-sinister causes of headache.
``` Tension-type headache Migraine Sinusitis Medication overuse headache Temperomandibular joint syndrome Trigeminal neuralgia Cluster headache ```
31
List some important questions that help you characterise non-sinister headaches.
Do you suffer from different types of headache? Are there any triggers? How disabling are the headaches? Does the patient experience an aura before headaches?
32
Describe the features of tension-type headaches.
Very common Often bifrontal across the forehead Not very disabling and there are no other features (e.g. photophobia) Stress and fatigue are common triggers
33
Describe the features of migraines.
Typically a unilateral, throbbing/pulsatile pain Often focused over one eye 1/3 of migraine sufferers experience an aura NOTE: some patients can have aura without migraine
34
What is the main treatment used for migraines?
Triptans (5HT receptor agonists) | They cause cerebral artery vasoconstriction and inhibition of trigeminal nerve transmission
35
Describe the features of sinusitis.
Facial pain along with coryzal symptoms | It is a tight pain (similar to tension-type headaches) that is often exacerbated by movement
36
What types of medication are most commonly associated with causing medication overuse headaches?
Analgesics | Migraine medications
37
Describe the features of temperomandibular joint syndrome.
Headache + dull ache in the muscles of mastication | Some patients report clicking/grinding when they move their jaw
38
Describe the features of trigeminal neuralgia.
Unilateral stabbing, sharp facial pain involving one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve The pain lasts seconds but can occur many times in a day
39
Describe the features of cluster headaches.
Occur in clusters of about 6-12 weeks ever 1-2 years Attacks tend to occur at the same time every day Pain tends to be focused over one eye and is extremely severe
40
Which types of non-sinister headache are more common in women
Migraine TMJ syndrome Trigeminal neuralgia
41
Which types of non-sinister headache are more common in men
Cluster headaches
42
Even if a non-sinister headache is suspected, why is it important to check blood pressure? Head and neck examination Focal neurological signs Intracranial pathology Fundoscopy Raised ICP
For malignant hypertension
43
Even if a non-sinister headache is suspected, why is it important to do a head and neck examination?
Meningism
44
Even if a non-sinister headache is suspected, why is it important to check focal neurological signs
Intracranial pathology
45
Even if a non-sinister headache is suspected, why is it important to do a fundoscopy
Raised ICP
46
List two investigations that can be used to help diagnose a subarachnoid haemorrhage.
CT head | Lumbar puncture – check for xanthochromia (present from 12 hours to 12 days after SAH)
47
What medication is regularly used in the initial management of subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Nimodipine (CCB) – this reduced spasm of the ruptured artery and prevents ischaemia
48
Describe the differences in the types of symptoms experienced in a TIA compared to an epileptic seizure.
TIA – negative symptoms (due to loss of function e.g. loss of vision, numbness, loss of power) Epilepsy – positive symptoms (due to overactivation e.g. flashing lights, muscle convulsions, paraesthesia) NOTE: migraine can produce both positive and negative symptoms
49
Describe how epileptic patients feel immediately after a seizure.
They experience a postictal phase where they will feel exhausted or confused
50
Which sinus is most commonly affected in sinusitis?
Maxillary sinus
51
What is frontal sinusitis dangerous?
The bacteria can erode backwards into the brain and cause meningitis or brain abscesses
52
Which part of the brain do most brain tumours tend to develop in children?
Posterior cranial fossa
53
What is the most common type of brain tumour in children?
Medulloblastoma of the cerebellum
54
List three causes of subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Rupture of an arterial aneurysm (usually berry aneurysms found at the junctions of the circle of Willis) Trauma Arteriovenous malformations (e.g. rupture of haemangiomas or cerebral veins)
55
What is the most common type of brain tumour?
Metastases | Most commonly from the lung, breast, colon, melanoma and kidney
56
List four types of axial brain tumour.
Oligodendroglioma Ependyomas Astrocytomas Medulloblastoma
57
List five types of extra-axial brain tumour.
``` Meningioma Vestibular schwannoma Pituitary adenoma Craniopharyngioma (tumour of the pituitary embryonic tissue) Prolactinoma ```
58
What condition predisposes individuals to developing meningiomas and schwannomas?
Neurofibromatosis Type II
59
At what vertebral level should a lumbar puncture be performed?
L3/4
60
Which structures are traversed during a lumbar puncture?
``` Skin Subcutis Supraspinous ligament Infraspinous ligament Ligamentum flavum Dura mater Arachnoid space (destination) ```
61
List some diagnostic indications for a lumbar puncture.
Multiple sclerosis (look for oligoclonal bands) Guillain-Barre syndrome (look for high protein) Subarachnoid haemorrhage (look for xanthochromia) Meningitis (look for pathogens) CNS lymphoma (look for malignant cells) Normal pressure hydrocephalus (look for improvement in gait and cognitive function after removal of a small amount of CSF)
62
List some therapeutic indications for a lumbar puncture.
Intrathecal drug administration | Temporary reduction in ICP
63
List some relative contraindications for lumbar puncture.
Raised ICP Increased bleeding tendency Infection and prospective puncture site Cardiorespiratory compromise
64
List some risks of lumbar puncture.
Headache Nerve root pain Infection at puncture site
65
List some signs and symptoms of raised ICP.
``` Headache (worse when lying down) Nausea and vomiting early in the morning Papilloedema Visual blurring Cushing’s reflex Cushing’s peptic ulcer ```
66
What is Cushing’s reflex?
A response to raised ICP characterised by: - High blood pressure - Low heart rate - Irregular breathing
67
Describe some mechanisms that can lead to raised ICP.
Space-occupying lesion Cerebral oedema Increased blood pressure in the CNS (e.g. due to malignant hypertension) Hydrocephalus
68
List some mechanisms of hydrocephalus.
Obstruction of CSF drainage Dysfunction of arachnoid granulations responsible for CSF reabsorption Increased CSF production

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