Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SF3 - Test 1 > 1 - Heart > Flashcards

1 - Heart Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the rough overview of the structure of the heart?

A

Four Chambers

Atria - Receive Venous Blood

Ventricles - Pump d blood to body/lungs

Right Side A/V = Pulmonary Circuit

Left Side A/V = Systemic Circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main objective of the Right and Left sides of the heart?

A

Right: Right Atrium/Right Ventricle

Forms Pulmonary Circuit

R-Atrium: Deoxygenated blood from body from superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

R-Ventricle: Pumps to lungs via pulmonary trunk

Left: Left Atrium/Left Ventricle

Forms Systemic Circuit

L-Atrium: Oxygenated blood from four pulmonary veins.

L-Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to body via ascending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Shape of the heart and divisional landmarks

A

Pyramid

Right Side mostly anterior

Left Side mostly posterior

- - -

Atrioventricular Sulcus - Separates atria from ventricles

Anterior and Posterior interventricular Sulci - Separates Right and Left Ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Surface of the Heart:

Anterior (Sternocostal)

Inferior (Diaphragmatic)

Posterior (Base)

A

Anterior (Sternocostal) - mostly right ventricle

Inferior (Diaphragmatic) - right and left ventricles

Posterior (Base) - left atrium (Base of Pyramid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Right Atrium: Divisions

A

Can be divided into two division by vertical ridge: Crista Terminalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Right Atrium: Anterior Part

A

Has pectinate muscles

“pectinate = comb-like”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Right Atrium: Posterior Part

A

Smooth walled, receives superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

Posterior Wall:

- forms part of the septum dividing L/R Atria

  • Has fossa ovalis
  • Has Limbus of the Fossa Ovalis (upper margin of fossa)

`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Clinical: Foramen Ovale Fetal Defect

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A

Foramen Ovale allowed blood from right atrium to flow to left atrium (bypassing pulmonary circuit)

At birth, this is closed

- - -

ASD - Congenital malformation; minor, defect called Probe-Patent Forman Ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Right Atrium: Right Auricle

A

“ear”

Small blind pouch like appendange of atrium

Lined by Musculi Pectinati

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Right Ventricle: Overall Summary

A

Thick-walled, muscular pump

Trabeculae Carneae

Infundibulum (Conus Arteriosis)

Posterior Wall of Right Ventricle

Tricuspid Valve

Pulmonary Valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Right Ventricle: Trabeculae Carneae

A

“fleshy beams”

Irregular ridges of muscle that line ventricular lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Right Ventricle: Infindibulum (Conus Arteriosus)

A

Superior, cone-shaped part of ventricle

Smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Right Ventricle: Posterior Wall

A

Forms part of interventricular septum separating ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Right Ventricle: Tricuspid Valve

Cusps

Chordae Tendineae

A

Located at right atrioventricular orifice; prevents blood from flowing back into Right Atrium following ventricular contraction.

Cusps = thick valve coverings preventing backflow; Anterior, Posterior, Septal

Chordae Tendineae:

Small cords which attach free margins and ventricular surface of each cusp to papillary muscle on ventricular walls

Attaches two adjacent cusps

*The Chordae Tendineae connect Papillary Muscles to the Cusps; giving tension to the system. Force of ventricular blood closes the valve*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Right Ventricle: Anulus Fibrosis

A

Ring of fibrous tissue surrounding the orifice that serves as attachmnt site for valve cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Right Ventricle: Pulmonary Valve

A

Located at pulmonary orifice at superior end of conus arteriosus; blood takes L-shaped path from right atrioventricular orifice to its outflow through pulmonary orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Right Ventricle: Pulmonary Valve - Cusp Type?

A

Three Semilunar cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Right Ventricle: Pulmonary Valve

A

Three semilunar cusps; sinus on each cusp

Once contraction is complete (systole), blood flows back into sinuses behind cusps, closing pulmonary orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Clinical: Pulmonic Valvular Incompetence

A

Volve does not close properly

Due to thickened and inflexible free margins of cusps

Results in backflow of blood into right ventricle from pulmonary trunk, heart as a heart murmur (turbulent blood flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart

A

Rings of connective tissues which surround orifice of pulmonary trunk and right atrioventricular orifice on right side and orifice of ascending aorta and left atrioventricular orifice on left side

1. Attachment for Valves

2. Attachment for Cardiac Fibers

3. Separates Atrial/Ventricular Muscles

4. Gives Rigidity to orifices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Left Atrium: Organization

A

Mostly Smooth Walled–lining of left auricle contains pectinate muscles

Receives FOUR pulmonary veins

Forms most of posterior heart

Contains valve for foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Left Ventricle: Overview

Study These Flashcards
A

Walls 3x Thicker bc SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

Biscuspid (Mitral) Valve

Aortic Valve

23
Q

Left Ventricle: Lining of Ventricular Cavity

Study These Flashcards
A

Well developed trabeculae carneae except for smooth-walled aortic vestibule

24
Q

Left Ventricle: Interventricular Septum

Study These Flashcards
A

Two Parts:

1. Muscular Part: Thick, Most of septum

2. Membranous Part: Thin, Site of Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD); upper part of septum and inferior to the right and posterior cusps of aortic valve

25
Left Ventricle: Biscuspid (Mitral) Valve
Two cusps **Commonly affected by calcium deposits in Rheumatic Fever,** can be "stuck" together which is audible as **heart murmur**
26
Left Ventricle: Aortic Valve
- Similar to pulmonary valve **- Aortic Sinus (3x) = Right/Left Open to Coronary Arteries** During diastole (relaxation) blood backflows, flipping down valve and flowing out **Coronary Arteries**
27
Clinical: Stenosis of Aortic Orifice
Narrowing of the aortic orifice due to adherence of "free" margins of cusps as a result of disease
28
Valves in Systole and Diastole
Diastole: **Atria Contract, Ventricles Relax** Tricuspid / Mitral **OPEN** Aortic / Pulmonary **CLOSED** Systole: **Atria Relax, Ventricles Contract** Tricuspid / Mitral **CLOSED** Aortic / Pulmonary **OPEN**
29
Coronary Vessels: Overview
Blood within chambers does not provide oxygen/nutrients to muscles of hear; Coronary Vessels on exterior of hear provide this.
30
Coronary Vessels: Right Coronary Artery
Arises from **Right Aortic Sinus** Descends **Atrioventricular Sulcus** (b/t R Atrium & R Ventricle) on **anterior** surface of the heart, continuing to **posterior surface** **Supplies:** **R Atrium R Ventricle** **Sinoatrial Node** **Atrioventricular Node** **Posterior 1/3 of Interventricular Septum** **Small portions of left Atrium and Ventricle**
31
Coronary Vessels: Right Coronary - Sinu-Atrial Nodal Brance
Supplies Sinu-atrial Node ## Footnote **Always ends up in Right Atrium**
32
Coronary Vessels: Right Coronary - AV (atrio-ventricular) Nodal Artery
Supplies AV Node
33
Coronary Vessels: Right Coronary - Posterior Interventricular Branch (Posterior Descending Artery)
Located on Sulcus of same name, suplied **right and left ventricles** and **posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum** Can anastoose with **Anterior Interventricular Branch of Left Coronary**
34
Coronary Vessels: Left Coronary Artery
Originates from **Aortic Sinus of Left Cusp of Aortic Valve** **Supplies:** Mostly Left Side of Heart Left Atrium Left Ventricle Anterior 2/3 of Interventricular Septum Atrioventricular Bundles
35
_Left_ Anterior Descending (LAD) [Anterior Interventricular Branch]
**Branch of _Left_ Coronary Artery** Runs inferior in **Anterior Interventricular Sulcus** towards apex Can **anastomose** with the Posterior Interventricular Branch of the Right Coronry Artery - **Supplies both ventricles and anterior 2/3 of Interventricular Septum**
36
Coronary Branching Variation Right vs Left Dominance
Right: Posterior Interventricular Artery is branch of Right Coronary Artery Left: Posterior Interventricular Artery is branch of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery
37
Clinical: Coronary Arterial Dominance
Left Dominant: Blockage of **left coronary** will result in **ischemia** of **interventricular septum** = **less chance of survival from blockage in Left Dominant Heart** Right Dominant: Blockage of left coronary will result in decreased blood flow, but collateral circulation can develop via Posterior Interventricular Artery of Right Coronary = **better chance of survival**
38
Clinical: Atherosclerotic Plaque in Coronary Arteries
Vessel lumens narrowed, risk b/c branches are **functionally end arteries.** **Anastomoses often small, insufficient to supply enough blood if suddenly stopped.** Results in **_Myocardial Infarction_** (heart attack)
39
Clinical: Coronary Artery By-Pass Graft 1. Vein 2. Arterial Source
1. **Occuluded Artery** can be **replaced by vein** (usually Great Saphenous from leg) Graft from **aorta to end beneath occlusion** 2. **Internal Thoracic** (branch of Subclavian) attached directly **beneath occlusion**
40
Clinical: Angioplasty
Balloon catheter inserted into ascending aorta, and into occluded artery. Balloon expanted to clear blockage.
41
Coronary Veins: Coronary Sinus
Large vein in **posterior part of atrioventricular sulcus** Receives most of blood of the heart **via its tributaries** Opens into the **right atrium (superior to opening of the inf. vena cava)**
42
Coronary Veins: Coronary Sinus Tributaries (For locations, prepare via practical)
Great Cardiac Vein: Drains area supplied by **left coronary artery** Middle Cardiac Vein: Drains area supplied by **Posterior Interventricular Artery** Small Cardiac Vein: Drains area suuplied by **Marginal Artery**
43
Coronary Veins: Anterior Cardiac Veins
Drain directly into the **right atrium**
44
Coronary Veins: Smallest Cardiac Veins
Tiny vessels within heart wall that open directly into chambers of heart
45
Electrical Conduction System of Heart: Sinuatrial (SA) Node
**Pacemaker of the Heart** **Right Atrium, Superior Crista Terminalis (base of Superior Vena Cava)** Generates electrical impulses, spread throughout the atrial muscles of both right and left sides. **Causes Atrial CONTRACTION** Waves does **NOT** reach ventricles directly due to Fibrous Skeleton (rings) of heart
46
Electrical Conduction System of Heart: Atrioventricular (AV) Node
Located **Inferior Part of the Interatrial Septum** Receives impulse from **Atrial Muscles** Relays via **AV Bundles (ONLY electrical connection between atria/ventricles)** **DELAY BUILT IN TO ALLOW ATRIA TO CONTRACT FULLY BEFORE VENTRICLES CONTRACT**
47
What is the only electrical connection between the Atria and the Ventricles?
AV Node Delay intented to allow atria to fully empty before ventricle contraction
48
Electrical Conduction System of Heart: Atrioventricular (AV) Bundles
Pierces fibrous rings separating atria from ventricles and passes through **membranous part of interventricular septum** **Divides into:** **1. Right -** Courses via **Moderator Band**; bridges lower portion of septum and anterior wall at **Base of the Anterior Papillary Muscle** **2. Left -** Runs down left side of septum to supply ventricle and papillary muscles
49
Clinical: Artificial Pacemaker
Damage to conduction system can cause abnormal **ventricular contraction** Pacemaker attached to chest wall, electrical field fed through **Cephalic or Subclavian Vein** Implanted in **right ventricle**
50
Innervation of Heart: Autonomic Nervous System Vagus Nerve Sympathetics Sensory
Vagus - Parasympathetic nerve, **decreases heart rate and force; constricts coronary arteries** Sympathetics - **Incrase heart rate and force of the beat**; **dilates coronary arteries** Sensory - Heart insensitive to touch, temperature; Pain sensitive to ischemia; course in **cardiac branches and mid/inf br. of sympathetic trunk** **Enter at T1-T4 on Left Side**
51
Clinical: Referred Pain in Heart
Sensory enter Spinal T1-T4 on **Left Side** Intercostobrachial Nerve - T2 Chest/Arm Pain, T1 - T4 dermatomes
52
Surface Markings of Heart (Borders) Right Inferior Left Superior
Right - 3rd - 6th R Costal Cart Inferior - L 5th Intercostal Space Left - L 2nd Intercostal Space Superior - 2nd L - 3rd R Costal Cart
53
Clinical: Heart Sound Locations
Tricuspid - Left Lower Sternum near 5th intercostal space Mitral - Left 5th intercostal, mid clavicular Pulmonary - Medial Left 2nd Intercostal Space Aortic - Medial Right 2nd Intercostal Space
54

SF3 - Test 1 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions