1. History of Ideas

Question 1

Consciousness is formed by what according to Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 1

Combination of sensations

structuralism

Question 2

What school of thought demonstrates a motivation to understand the purpose of consciousness rather than its structure.

Answer 2

Functionalism with William James

Question 3

Which founding parent in North America shifted the focus of psychology away from philosophy and towards biology?

Answer 3

John B Watson

Question 4

To understand why humans act aggressively a scientist decides to observe which areas of a subject’s brain are the most active as they engage in aggressive behaviour. Which model of the mind is this scientist using to understand aggression?

Answer 4

Psychophysiological Model

Question 5

What is a psychophysiological model

Answer 5

This model puts an emphasis on describing the brains biological network and signalling pathways.

Question 6

Who uses the method of introspection and systematic self-observation to analyze conscious mental states (which school of thoughts)

Answer 6

Wundt with structuralism

Question 7

Who stated the psychology is “ the science of mental life “ and also as “the stream of thought, consciousness, or subjective life”

Answer 7

William James

Question 8

What are the problems of introspection (3)

Answer 8

• there is no objectivity
• it’s an independent evaluation
• reproductibility is low

Question 9

Which school of thought introduced studies in mental testing, developmental patterns in children, education, behavioural differencess between the sexes

Answer 9

Functionalism

Question 10

Who wrote the “Behaviourist manifesto”

Answer 10

John B Watson

Question 11

Who sees psychology as a purely objective science and its theoritcal goal is the prediction and control of behaviour

Answer 11

Behaviourist such as John B Watson

Question 12

The ______ recognises no dividing line between man and brute (strongly inspired by Darwin)

Answer 12

Behaviourist (John B Watson)

Question 13

What does Gestalt mean in german

Answer 13

Form

Question 14

What is the central dogma of Gestaltpsychology

Answer 14

The whole is more than the sum of its parts

- perception of the whole, not the parts

Question 15

True or false, Gestaltpsychology is opposed to the atomistic view of structuralism

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What study is considered the beginning of Gestaltpsychology

Answer 16

Wertheimer’s studies on the phi effect

Question 17

What is the phi phenomenon

Answer 17

It is the optical illusion of movement

Question 18

Thw phi phenomenon is due to what exactly

Answer 18

Due to the decay rates of visual perceptions : visual perceptions decay slower than the actual stimulus that gave rise to them

Question 19

According to the phi phenomenon, instead of two different and separate stimuli, we mistakenly perceive ______ of the same stimulus

Answer 19

movement

Question 20

What are the 4 Gestalt principles

Answer 20

1. Emergence
2. Multistability
3. Reification
4. Invariance

Question 21

What are the 4 figure-ground laws

Answer 21

1. Law of closure
2. Law of similarity
3. Law of proximity
4. Law of continuity

Question 22

What charactarizes the multistability of Gestalt

Answer 22

When there is 2 images in 1, we only perceive one at a time

Question 23

What is Reification

Answer 23

Perception of forms without contours

Question 24

What is the principal of Closure

Answer 24

Perception that contour are closed

Question 25

What is the principle of emergence

Answer 25

Spontaneous organization give rise to image

Question 26

What do the psychophysiological model explores

Answer 26

the relationship between behaviour, processes and structures of the central nervous system

Question 27

The psychophysiologiacal model is form of ________

Answer 27

Reductionism

Question 28

What is the famous research that provides an excellent example of how reductionist method advance through levels of analysis

Answer 28

Sea slug Aplysia as a model organism to explain the neurobiology of memory

Question 29

During the Sea slug Aplysia experiement what did Eric Kandel studied

Answer 29

The Gill Withdrawal Reflex

Question 30

Describe the method of understanding of the The Gill Withdrawal Reflex research

Answer 30

``` Behaviour ↓ Biology (which neurons) ↓ Microbiology (inside neurons, neurotransmitters) ↓ Chemically (Proteins and ions) ↓ DNA level ```

Question 31

Which model supports that all behaviour can be explained in terms of drives or other intra-psychological forces

Answer 31

psychodynamic model

Question 32

According to the psychodynamic model, behaviour results from ____ and _____

Answer 32

tension and conflict

Question 33

what is the key concept in the psychodynamic approach

Answer 33

MOTIVATION

Question 34

Sigmund Freud followed which model

Answer 34

the psychodynamic model

Question 35

Freud work focuses on what exactly

Answer 35

On the unconscious, as the main motor of behavior

Question 36

What branch of clinical psychology did Freud develop

Answer 36

psychoanalysis

Question 37

According to Freud, our psychee is made of what

Answer 37

The interation of the - ID - Ego - Superego

Question 38

What is the ID (3 elements)

Answer 38

- want avoid PAIN and increase pleasure - wild animal within - cares about its pleasure however its form

Question 39

What does the ID folloes

Answer 39

the Pleasure Principle

Question 40

Where is the ID situated

Answer 40

in the unconscious, hidden part of iceberg

Question 41

What does the Superego follows (4)

Answer 41

1. morality 2. consicence 3. ideals 4. aspiration (how the perfect human should behave

Question 42

What does the Ego follows (1) and what does it represent in behaviour

Answer 42

1. Reason! and represents self-control

Question 43

What does the Ego mediate

Answer 43

the Superego and the ID

Question 44

Where is situated the Superego

Answer 44

it is part of the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious *half of the iceberg

Question 45

Where is the Ego

Answer 45

it is part of the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious *quarter of the upper iceberg

Question 46

Most of our psychee is ________ according to Freud

Answer 46

unconsicous

Question 47

What does psychoanalysis aims to do

Answer 47

make the uncousncious conscious, so that its influence on behaviour can be controlled

Question 48

What does Freud theory assumes about human nature

Answer 48

Human are by nature aggressibe and evil and driven by sexual impulses

Question 49

According to the behaviourist model, the overt and ______ _______ is the proper level of analysis

Answer 49

observable behaviour is the proper level of analysis

Question 50

What is the ABC of behaviourist model

Answer 50

Antecident conditions that precede behaviour Behavioural response Consequences that follow

Question 51

What is the S-R model in the behaviourist model

Answer 51

It represents the relation between stimulus and response

Question 52

According to the behaviourist model, Humans are neither ____ nor ____, they just ____ to these conditions

Answer 52

good nor evil, they just react

Question 53

What are the two famous experiment of the behaviourist model

Answer 53

Pavlov's experiment & little albert

Question 54

Who said “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”

Answer 54

John B Watson, Behaviourist

Question 55

Who replaced behaviorism as the most influential model

Answer 55

the Cognitive model

Question 56

What is cognition

Answer 56

Cognition are all processes that used to be labelled "mental", such as perception, thinking, decision making, memory, problem solving, etc

Question 57

Experimental studies use behavioural reactions to deduce underpinning _______ _______

Answer 57

cognitive processes

Question 58

What is the McGurk Effect

Answer 58

the Ba and Pa illusion that still works even if we realise it

Question 59

What do the Information-processing perspective implies in cognition

Answer 59

that the brain is like a digital computer, it processes, encodes, stores, retrieves and recall

Question 60

What does the representation implies in cognition

Answer 60

What is stored, retrieved and recalled

Question 61

What does the structures in cognition represents

Answer 61

Where are memories stored, retrieved from/to, recall from/to

Question 62

What model assumes that humans are active beings, naturallyy good and equipped with free will

Answer 62

The Humanistic model

Question 63

How to humanistic psychology tries to understand human behaviour

Answer 63

By detecting patterns in life histories

Question 64

Humanistic psychology concentrates on the _______ world, not the objective world of the external observer

Answer 64

phenomenological world

Question 65

Maslow's hierarchy of needs represents which model

Answer 65

the humanistic model

Question 66

What would be the psychodynamic model answer to the question "Why do humans act aggressively"

Answer 66

aggressive actions are the results of frustration. A situation or exterior factor block access to means to satisfy ID desires, this resulting in aggression

Question 67

What would be the cognitve model answer to "Why do humans act aggressively"

Answer 67

analyse what information processing leads to aggressive behaviour

Question 68

What would be the humanistic model answer to "why humans act aggressively"

Answer 68

analyze what personal values and social conditions led the individual to engage aggressive behaviour, and not to engage in activities that would engage persona growth

Question 69

What would be the behaviourism to "why human act aggressively"

Answer 69

determine the causes of aggressive behaviours, one needs to identify reinforcers and antecedent conditions