1 Hypothalamus

Question 1

What splits the hypothalamus and the thalamus?

Answer 1

hypothalamic sulcus

Question 2

T-F—The hypothalamus is relatively small, but it has the widest range of functions.

Answer 2

True- main interface between nervous system and endocrine and autonomic system.

Question 3

Is the hypothalamus affected by strokes or tumors more?

Answer 3

tumors [also is affected by developmental disorders, infections, alcoholism and trauma moe]

Question 4

What is the general function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 4

homeostasis

Question 5

T-F the hypothalamus controls blood pressure and electrolyte composition?

Answer 5

True [drinking and salt appetites, blood osmolality and vasomotor tone]

Question 6

T-F the hypothalamus does not regulate body temperature?

Answer 6

False- it does [thermogenesis and behaviors to seek warmth,cool]

Question 7

Does the hypothalamus control energy metabolism?

Answer 7

Yes [feeding, digestion, metabolic rate]

Question 8

Does the hypothalamus regulate reproduction?

Answer 8

Yes [hormonal control of mating, pregnancy and lactation]

Question 9

Does the hypothalamus control responses to stress?

Answer 9

Yes [blood flow to muscle and other tissues and secretion of adrenal stress hormone]

Question 10

What is the normal level the hypothalamus tries to maintain called?

Answer 10

set point [set point can change under certain conditions]

Question 11

What are some of the sensory inputs for the hypothalamus to sample?

Answer 11

blood, CSF and CNS input from viscera and skin

Question 12

T-F the hypothalamus acts as both the set point device and the timer?

Answer 12

True- governs circadian rhythms too

Question 13

What are the control devices or outputs the hypothalamus acts on?

Answer 13

autonomics, endocrine and behavioral systems

Question 14

This is just a summary of main function under hypothalamic control–

Answer 14

temp, food/salt/water intake, sexual cycles, sex orientation, sexual milestones, circadian rhythms, sleep, body weight, stress

Question 15

Clinical signs of hypothalamic pathology generally relate to alterations in what?

Answer 15

endocrine and autonomic function

Question 16

What might changes in metabolism, growth, temp, appetites, sexual behavior, sleep and behavior point to?

Answer 16

hypothalamic pathology

Question 17

T-F the hypothalamus surrounds the anterior 1/4 of the 3rd ventricle?

Answer 17

False- anterior 3/4

Question 18

What is the anterior limit of the hypothalamus?

Answer 18

lamina terminalis

Question 19

What marks the hypothalamus division with the brainstem?

Answer 19

PC-mamillary body line

Question 20

About how many nuclei are in the hypothalamus?

Answer 20

about 15

Question 21

Is it more critical to associate pathologies with hypothalamic nuclei or hypothalamic regions?

Answer 21

Regions (anterior, posterior, medial, lateral)

Question 22

What hypothalamic nuclei- located immediately posterior to lamina terminals, anterior to the optic chasm, integrates sensory info to judge set point deviations, involved in thermoregulation, salt water intake and sleep?

Answer 22

preoptic nucleus

Question 23

What hypothalamic nuclei- located adjacent to III ventricle, directly interfaces with endocrine and autonomics, glucose sensitive neurons?

Answer 23

Paraventricular nucleus

Question 24

What hypothalamic nuclei- laterally located above optic tract, has osmosensitive neurons, release of vasopressin?

Answer 24

supraoptic nuclei

Question 25

What hypothalamic nuclei- located on midline above optic chasm, generates circadian rhythms for hormone release?

Answer 25

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 26

What hypothalamic nucleus is located in the anterior hypothalamus, differ in shape and cell number between men and women, distinct form found in a high proportion of gay men, thermosensitive neurons also located?

Answer 26

sexually dimorphic nuclei

Question 27

What hypothalamic nuclei is located either side of III ventricle, one of the tuberal nuclei, involved in appetite and consumption?

Answer 27

Arcuate nucleus

Question 28

What region of the hypothalamus is the widest region, extending from the infundibulum anteriorly to the mammillary body posteriorly?

Answer 28

tuberal region

Question 29

What area when stimulated causes a desire to eat, and sends axons throughout the cerebral cortex and to the basal forebrain and amygdala to influence behavior?

Answer 29

lateral hypothalamic area

Question 30

What hypothalamic nucleus regulates satiety-bilateral lesions produce huge appetite and aggression?

Answer 30

ventromedial nucleus

Question 31

What hypothalamic nucleus has a poorly delineated mass of small neurons dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus, appearing to be involved in regulating complex integrative control of growth, feeding, maturation and aspects of reproduction?

Answer 31

dorsomedial nucleus

Question 32

Where do all histaminergic axons in the CNS originate?

Answer 32

in the tuberomammillary nucleus

Question 33

What roles does histamine in the CNS largely play?

Answer 33

wakefulness, sleep and circadian rhythm

Question 34

What 5 key white matter bundles are associated with the hypothalamus?

Answer 34

``` fornix mammillothalamic tract mammillotegmental tract medial forebrain bundle hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract ```

Question 35

What connects the mammillary bodies with the hippocampal formation?

Answer 35

fornix

Question 36

What shows significant damage in Korsakoff's syndrome

Answer 36

fornix and mamillary bodies

Question 37

What tract link the mammillary bodies with the anterior thalamus?

Answer 37

Mammillothalamic tract

Question 38

What tract links the mammillary bodies to the dorsal midbrain?

Answer 38

mammillotegmental tract

Question 39

What diffuse longitudinal fiber runs through the lateral hypothalamus connecting the hypothalamus to the brainstem below, with the basal forebrain, amygdala and the cerebral cortex above?

Answer 39

medial forebrain bundle

Question 40

What tract in the hypothalamus when effected is thought to affect appetite as it contains lateral hypothalamic fibers?

Answer 40

Medial forebrain bundle

Question 41

What tract is the bundle of fibers running from the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nuclei to the posterior pituitary?

Answer 41

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Question 42

What released at the median eminence from the arcuate nucleus regulates the secretion of prolactin from anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 42

dopamine

Question 43

Where is the pituitary fixed in place?

Answer 43

sella turcica

Question 44

Is the optic chiasm more likely damaged by pituitary tumors or hypothalamic tumors?

Answer 44

pituitary tumors

Question 45

Damage to optic chasm leads to what hallmark presentation?

Answer 45

bitemporal hemianopsia

Question 46

What are the 2 main divisions of hypothalamic sensory inputs?

Answer 46

neural and chemosensory

Question 47

True or false- a select population of photo-censitive rods or cones send axons to the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

Answer 47

False- not rods or cones but photo-sensitive retinal ganglion cells do this.

Question 48

Is the olfactory system input to hypothalamus direct or indirect?

Answer 48

indirect

Question 49

What hypothalamic input or pathway sends thermal and some nociceptive info from skin and deep tissues ?

Answer 49

spinohypothalamic pathway through the spinothalamic system

Question 50

Where does viscerosensory input to the hypothalamus come from?

Answer 50

axons arising from the NTS

Question 51

Do most hypothalamic neurons have hormone receptors?

Answer 51

Yes

Question 52

Are many hypothalamic neurons sensitive to circulating metabolites?

Answer 52

Yes

Question 53

What are specialized structures that lack a blood brain barrier?

Answer 53

circumventricular organs---[thought to sample blood and CSF and transfer info to hypothalamus]

Question 54

What CVO is sensitive to CSF angiotensin II?

Answer 54

subfornical organ

Question 55

what CVO is sensitive to serum osmolality?

Answer 55

vascular organ of the lamina terminalis

Question 56

What is thought to be the main site where hormones, peptides and other signaling molecules cross the blood brain barrier to reach the hypothalamus?

Answer 56

median eminence

Question 57

What are the major output structures of the hypothalamus?

Answer 57

anterior pituitary posterior piuitary pre-ganglionic autonomic efferents [also sens axons throughout the cerebral cortex, basal forebrain and amygdala]

Question 58

What is control over anterior pituitary exerted by?

Answer 58

releasing hormones created by small neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus [release of trophic hormones from the anterior pituitary]

Question 59

At the median eminence where are releasing hormones released into?

Answer 59

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system of blood vessels

Question 60

What is another name for hypothalamic neurosecretory cells?

Answer 60

parvocellular (stars)

Question 61

What do the magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei synthesize?

Answer 61

vasopressin (ADH) oxytocin [axons travel in infundibulum to the POSTERIOR PITUITARY]

Question 62

Loss of vasopressin will lead to what?

Answer 62

large volumes of weak urine

Question 63

Does the hypothalamus project directly to the paraSNA, SNA, and autonomic pattern generators?

Answer 63

Yes---but only a few of the hypothalamic nuclei connect in these ways

Question 64

What do the paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial nuclei and lateral hypothalamus all connect with?

Answer 64

autonomic areas

Question 65

What do autonomic axons from hypothalamus to the brainstem travel in?

Answer 65

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus- located in PAG [descending hypothalamic tracts and ascending visceral sensory axons]

Question 66

Where does the hypothalamospinal pathway descend in?

Answer 66

central tegmental tract

Question 67

What allows for highly integrated and selective responses of the autonomic nervous system to regulatory needs?

Answer 67

combination of hypothalamic center and autonomic pattern generators

Question 68

What hypothalamic area is major player in regards to behavior?

Answer 68

LHA [posterior region especially]

Question 69

mesopontine cholinergic cells effect?

Answer 69

consiousness

Question 70

ventral segmental area (dopamine) effect what behavior?

Answer 70

motivation

Question 71

locus ceruleus (norepinephrine) effect what behavior?

Answer 71

vigilance

Question 72

midbrain dorsal raphe (serotonin) effect what behavior?

Answer 72

mood

Question 73

tuberomammillary nucleus (histamine) effect what behavior?

Answer 73

wakefulness