- borosilicate - corex - low actinic

1. Intro to Chemistry Flashcards by Samantha Boyer

Identify methods used to purify water and which substances they target to reduce. (6)

prefiltration —initially traps particulates
distillation —liquid boiled, vaporized, and condensed for purification
reverse osmosis —water forced through semipermeable membrane; removes particulates, organics, bacteria, ionized and dissolved materials; does not remove gases
deionization — water passes through insoluble resin polymers; removes some or all ions; does not remove organics
carbon filters —activated charcoal removes organics
particulate filters —bacteria

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List items that should be monitored during the water-purification process.

at minimum —resistivity and bacteria

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List the criteria for Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water (CLRW). (5)

resistivity > 10 MΩ x cm at 25°
CFU < 10/mL
total organic carbon < 500 ppb
Silicates < 0.05 mg/L
water passed through 0.22 𝜇m filter for particulates

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Distinguish the differences between Type A and Type B glassware.

A —more accurate; must be of certified accuracy
B —twice the durability, not as accurate; used in student labs

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Assessing, setting, or correcting a device usually by comparing or adjusting it to match or conform to a reliable, known, and unvarying measure

calibration

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performed after calibration

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resistivity

Electrical resistance in ohms measured between opposite faces of a 1.00-cm cube of an aqueous solution at a specified temperature

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describe culturing water

allow to run for 1 min
aliquoted and plated
CFUs are determined

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water for some chemical tests where CLRW is not adequate

special reagent water (SRW)

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CLRW

clinical laboratory reagent water

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types of reagent water, purification, use

type I —filtered, distilled, deionized multiple times —trace metal, iron, enzymes analyses
type II —double distilled —reagents, QC, standards
type III —washing glassware

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least pure chemical grades

Practical
Technical
Commercial

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ACS chemical grades

Analytical grade
Reagent grade

Ultrapure:
Spectrograde
Nanograde
HPLC grade

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organization

Atomic weight standard (grade A)
Ultimate standard (grade B)
Primary standard (grade C)
Working standard (grade D)
Secondary substances (grade E)

International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (I U P A C)

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Provides standard reference materials (SRMs) in solid, liquid, or gaseous form

National Institute of Standard and Testing (NIST)

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impossible in clinical chemistry (versus analytical)

knowing the exact composition of the material

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primary standard

Highly purified chemical that can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration and purity.

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Assigned a value after careful analysis. Used to verify calibration or accuracy/bias. Used in clinical chemistry.

Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)

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advantages of reagents coming in kits

less human error/variability
less time consuming
less danger to techs (carcinogens)
less storage space

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types of glassware

borosilicate
corex
low actinic

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describe borosilicate glassware

high degree of thermal resistance
damaged by highly alkaline chemicals
should not be heated

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describe corex glassware

strengthened chemically rather than thermally
6 times stronger than borosilicate
resists clouding and scratching

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describe low actinic glassware

amber or red color protects light sensitive substances
high thermal resistance
used to contain reagents, control materials, calibrators

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4 types of plasticware

polypropylene
polyethylene
polycarbonate
polystyrene

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May be flexible or rigid Chemically resistant Can be autoclaved

polypropylene

Test tubes, bottles, graduated tubes, stoppers, disposable transfer pipettes, volumetric pipettes, and test-tube racks May bind or absorb proteins, dyes, stains, and picric acid

polyethylene

Used in tubes for centrifugation, graduated cylinders, and flasks. Broad temperature range: -100 to +160°C. Verty strong plastic, but not suitable for strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents

polycarbonate

Rigid, clear type of plastic Should not be autoclaved Used in capped graduated tubes and test tubes Will crack and splinter when crushed

polystyrene

Almost chemically inert Suitable for use at temperatures ranging from −270 to +255°C Resistant to a wide range of chemical classes

Teflon

2 classes of pipettes

- volumetric (transfer) - measuring

to deliver calibrated to deliver a known amount of liquid

Bulb is closer to delivery tip Accurate for viscous samples such as blood or serum

Ostwald-Folin pipette

Does not have graduations all the way to the tip Will have fluid remaining in the tip once dispersed

Mohr pipette

Glass disposable pipette with a long skinny tip Used with a blub (not disposable)

Pasteur pipettes

air displacement vs positive displacement

air — Uses a piston device to facilitate aspiration and ejection of liquids positive — Uses a capillary tip made of glass or plastic to transfer liquids

methods of pipette calibration

- gravimetric - Commercial photometric pipette-calibration products, - Calibration-service providers - Pipette Tracker - VC-100® Acid-Base Titration Pipet Verification System - PC S® Pipette Calibration System

weight

a function of mass under the influence of gravity equal to mass multiplied by gravity

4 types of balances

Unequal-arm substitution balances Magnetic force restoration balance Top-loading balances Electronic balances

Operates on the principal of removing weights

unequal-arm substitution balance

Operatves on the force required to put the balance back into equilibrium

magnetic force-restoration balance

Operates on electromagnetic force compensation

electronic balance

Damping or releasing the pan is accomplished by magnetism

Top-loading balance

Single pan enclosed by sliding transparent doors

analytic balance

calibration materials for balances

NIST class 1 weights — Available up to 250 mg Class 2 balances — May be in excess of 1000 grams (g)

balance capacity

Maximum load one can weigh

balance accuracy

Closeness of the agreement between the measured result and the true value

balance linearity

Ability of a balance to follow the linear relationship between load and the displayed value

balance readability

Smallest increment of weight that can be read on the display

balance repeatability

Ability of a balance to produce the same result for repeated weighing of the same load under the identical measurement conditions

main 3 centrifuge components

Motor. Drive shaft. Rotor assembly.

Centrifuge motors use -------------- to facilitate creation of electromagnetic fields that ultimately make the drive shaft turn.

carbon brushes

Method of comparing the force generated by various centrifuges on the basis of their speeds of rotation and distances from the center of rotation

relative centrifugal force (RCF)

RCF empirical factor

1.118 x 10^-5

RCF equation

(1.118 x 10^-5)(r)(rpm)^2 = RCF

5 types of centrifuges

Swinging-bucket rotor Fixed-angle rotor Air-driven ultracentrifuge Ultracentrifuge Refrigerated

Describe swing-bucket centrifuge

- used to separate cells from serum - RCF is 1000-1200 x g - 5-10 min centrifuge times - allows tubes to assume horizontal position

Describe fixed-angle centrifuges

- tubes centrifuged at 25-52° - faster spin - used for STAT samples

Describe air-driven centrifuges

- Functions by directing compressed air onto grooves that are etched into the outer surface of the fixed-angle rotor - used to remove lipid particles from lipemic specimens

Describe ultracentrifuge

- big - can be around 100,000 rpms - used to fractionate lipoproteins, perform drug-binding assays, prepare tissue for hormone receptor assays

2 types of water baths

circulating noncirculating

1:1000 dilution of -------- can prevent bacterial growth in a water bath

thimerosal

define mixing

Operation intended to form a homogeneous mass or create a uniform homogeneous system

C to F

Transducer that converts changes in temperature (heat) to resistance

Thermistor

Sensor that consists of two dissimilar metals joined together at one end Used to take temp quickly

Thermocouple

common dye in mercury-free thermometers

organic red spirit

thermometers should be verified at ---- or ----- intervals

6 month or 12 month

metric prefixes

density

Amount of matter (weight) per unit volume of substance

specific gravity

Method of measuring density

assay by weight

Represents the purity of the solute contained in the solution

Equal to the number of gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution

normality

% w/v

number of parts of solute in 100 parts solution % = g solute/100 mL solution

salt molecules that can combine with water

hydrates

dilution

Represents the ratio of concentrated or stock material to the total final volume of a solution and consists of the volume or weight of the concentrate plus the volume of the diluent, with the concentration units remaining the same.

dilution factor

Ratio of concentrated or stock solution to the total solution volume

analytical balance range

0.01 mg to 160 g

1. Intro to Chemistry Flashcards

(77 cards)