1: intro to diversity of plants

Question 1

What are the two types of cell death?

Answer 1

• programmed cell death
• necrosis

Question 2

Describe programmed cell death?

Answer 2

• genetically encoded, active process
• eg; autophagic cell death, apoptosis

Question 3

Describe necrosis

Answer 3

• occurs after injury (eg; frostbite)
• passive process

Question 4

Describe the uses of apoptosis in animal cells

Answer 4

• tissue remodelling: development - webbed fingers, tails, limb bud development
• removal of unwanted cells (tumours, etc)
• when a cell has completed its function
• nematode worms: have specific sites and frequencies of cell death

Question 5

Describe apoptosis in plants

Answer 5

• there is no plant development without apoptosis
• a number of reasons why programmed cell death is required

Question 6

What are the phyla of plants which develop holes in their leaves?

Answer 6

• 2 forms of monstera species (one is lace plant)

Question 7

Why are plants important?

Answer 7

• photosynthesis: convert inorganic carbon into organic carbon and oxygen
• no others organism can do this, without plants life on earth would be impossible
• other organisms unable to make their own food

Question 8

How does photosynthesis support life on earth? (3 ways)

Answer 8

• oxygen, primary producers, and produces sugars: building blocks of life

Question 9

What are the phases of photosynthesis? Where do they occur?

Answer 9

• the light reaction: occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
• the dark reaction: occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

Question 10

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 10

• moving
• photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts
• 3-5 micrometers
• a typical cell contains 5-50
• can be circular or elongated
  (appear green)

Question 11

How do animal and plant cells differ?

Answer 11

• relatively similar except for 3 differences:
  1) large central vacuole
  2) cell walls
  3) chloroplasts

*in a fully mature plant cell, 90% of cell is filled with the vacuole

Question 12

Describe stroma, thylakoids, geranium, stroma lamella, and starch storage in chloroplasts

Answer 12

stroma: the fluid compartment of the chloroplasts
thylakoid: dic shaped membrane sac
granum: stacks of thylakoid membranes
stroma lamella: unstacked membranes connecting grana
- starch stored in starch grains

Question 13

Describe the light reaction

Answer 13

• occurs in the thylakoid membrane
• converts H2O and light into chemical energy (ATP, NADPH,O2)

Question 14

Describe the dark reaction

Answer 14

• occurs in the stroma, syntheses 3 simple 3 carbon sugars using ATP and NADPH (from light reactions) and Co2

Question 15

what is the exception to the rule of animals not being able to produce their own energy?

Answer 15

0 sea slugs steal the photosynthetic machinery from algae it grazes on and lines its digestive tract with it
- the first non0functional gene transfer
- also non photosynthetic plants and parasitic plants

Question 16

Why are plants useful to humans?

Answer 16

Food (crops, beverages, herbs/spices), medicine, fuel, shelter, products

Question 17

What are the 5 plants used for medicine and their function?

Answer 17

willow bark: produces salicylic acid similar to aspirin
ephedra: produces ephedrine a powerful antihistamine
rosy periwinkle: vinblastine, vincristine, dispute divison/desotry cancer cell
pacific yew: taxol for cancer treatment
cinchona bark source of quinine used for malaria

Question 18

What are the GM plants?

Answer 18

• to feed more people we must genetically modify crops to adapt to our needs
• golden rice, pest resistant plants, herbicide resistant plants, toxin resistant (BT) plants

Question 19

What are the 5 important characteristics of plants?

Answer 19

• multicellular embryo kept within the female plant
• multicellular eukaryotes
• have cellulose in cell walls
• they are autotrophic (make their own food)
• they alternate between two generations which produce each other

Question 20

What helps distinguish plant cells from animal cells?

Answer 20

• sexual and asexual
• determinate vs. indeterminate growth

Question 21

What are the membranes that connected grana called?

Answer 21

• stroma lamella

Question 22

what is cytoplasmic streaming?

Answer 22

• the cytoplasm flow through the cell
• makes chloroplasts appear as if they’re moving

Question 23

what is the product of the dark reaction of photosynthesis

Answer 23

• simple 3 carbon sugars for the formation of complex molecules (like glucose)

Question 24

What are bryophytes transitional between?

Answer 24

• between charophytes (green algae) and the vascular plants

Question 25

Where are the aerenchyma?

Answer 25

- in the cortex

Question 26

what cells make up sphagnum?

Answer 26

- 1 cell thick, large dead cells and thin, red or green pigmented cells

Question 27

What is unique about the anthocerophyta?

Answer 27

- they have stomata in sporophytes

Question 28

How are Andreaea spores dispersed?

Answer 28

- 4 vertical slits in sporangium allow spores to be dispersed by the wind!

Question 29

when did the three extinct seedless vascular plants go extinct?

Answer 29

- dominated the Devonian period, were extinct by about the end of the Devonian period

Question 30

what is unique about the earl vascular plants?

Answer 30

- rhyniophyta, zosterophylophyta, trimerophyte - has photosynthetic branches but no leaves or root - had rhizomes

Question 31

what is the difference between the Modern and ancient lycophytes?

Answer 31

modern : small, herbaceous extinct: large, contributed to carboniferous coal swamps

Question 32

what are the two classes of psilotopsida?

Answer 32

- psilotales and ophioglossales:

Question 33

what are marratiopsida?

Answer 33

- a small group of tropical ferns

Question 34

describe welwitshcia plants

Answer 34

- 2 large strap like leaves that split as they age - extremely drought tolerant - a type of gnetophte (lacks archegonia) - most of plant buried in sandy soil

Question 35

how does beer production work?

Answer 35

Barley seeds are allowed to germinate at temperatures that maximize production of hydrolytic enzymes by the aleurone layer.

Question 36

what are single termination pores characteristic of?

Answer 36

- monocots and gymnosperms

Question 37

Do liverworts have stomata?

Answer 37

Nope! One Bryophyta and hornworts

Question 38

what are the four ferns of 'ecological significance'?

Answer 38

- brake fern: absorbs arsenic - liquorice fern: medicinal properties, tea - azolla: mutualistic relationship with cyanobacteria - ostrich fern: fiddle head is the young fern, one of the only edible parts