1) Intro to path, carcinogenesis & neoplasia

Question 1

Pathology definition

Answer 1

The scientific study of disease

Question 2

Aetiology

Answer 2

The cause of a disease

Question 3

Pathogenesis

Answer 3

The mechanism causing the disease

Question 4

Pathological and clinical manifestations

Answer 4

Structural and functional features of the disease

Question 5

Complications and sequelae

Answer 5

Secondary, systematic or remote consequences of a disease

Question 6

Prognosis

Answer 6

Anticipated course of the disease

Question 7

Epidemiology

Answer 7

Incidence, prevalence and population distribution of a disease

Question 8

Benign

Answer 8

Tumours remain localised to the tissue of origin and are very rarely lethal

Question 9

Malignant

Answer 9

Tumours invade and spread from their origin and are often lethal

Question 10

Ana-

Answer 10

Absence (anaphylaxis)

Question 11

Dys-

Answer 11

Disordered (dysplasia)

Question 12

Hyper-

Answer 12

Excess over normal (hyperthyroidism)

Question 13

Hypo-

Answer 13

Deficiency below normal (hyperthyroidism)

Question 14

Meta-

Answer 14

A change from one state to another (metaplasia)

Question 15

Neo-

Answer 15

New (neoplasm)

Question 16

-itis

Answer 16

Inflammation (tonsillitis)

Question 17

-oma

Answer 17

A tumour (carcinoma)

Question 18

-osis

Answer 18

A state or condition (scoliosis)

Question 19

-oid

Answer 19

Bearing a resemblance to (rheumatoid disease)

Question 20

-penia

Answer 20

Lack of (thrombocytopenia)

Question 21

-opathy

Answer 21

An abnormal state lacking specific characteristics (lymphadenopathy)

Question 22

Cells (BvM)

Answer 22

Well differentiated vs undifferentiated

Question 23

Metastasis (spread) (BvM)

Answer 23

No vs Yes

Question 24

Growth (BvM)

Answer 24

Slow, expansion, usually encapsulated vs Rapid, infiltration, invasion

Question 25

Effects (BvM)

Answer 25

Usually local vs local and general

Question 26

Tissue destruction (BvM)

Answer 26

Not usually vs extensive

Question 27

Lethal (BvM)

Answer 27

Not usually vs Usually unless successfully treated

Question 28

Adeno

Answer 28

Epithelial (glandular)

Question 29

Fibro

Answer 29

Fibrous

Question 30

Osteo

Answer 30

Bone

Question 31

Chondro

Answer 31

Cartilage

Question 32

Lipo

Answer 32

Adipose

Question 33

Leiomyo

Answer 33

Smooth muscle

Question 34

Rhabdomyo

Answer 34

Skeletal muscle

Question 35

Carcinoma

Answer 35

For tumours derived from epithelial tissues

Question 36

Sarcoma

Answer 36

For tumours derived from mesodermal (connective and supportive) tissues

Question 37

Blastomas

Answer 37

Occur exclusively in very young patients (

Question 38

Leukaemias

Answer 38

Tumours of the haematologic tissue of bone marrow

Question 39

Lymphomas

Answer 39

Tumours of lymphoid tissue

Question 40

Cancer refers to...

Answer 40

Spreading projections of the growth

Question 41

Ways cancer cells differ from normal cells

Answer 41

- Reduced responsiveness to normal growth cells - "immunity" from apoptosis (programmed cell death) - Indefinite proliferative life span - Autostimulation - autocrine growth stimulation - Reduced cell to cell adherence - Loss of anchorage dependance - Greater mobility

Question 42

Metastasis definition

Answer 42

The process whereby malignant tumours spread from their original site to form other secondary tumours at distant sites. As cancer cells are loosely attached, clumps can break off forming secondary tumours

Question 43

Routes of metastasis

Answer 43

- Haematogenous: By blood stream - Lymphatic: Formed in regional lymph nodes - Transcoelomic: Spreading with a cavity (pleural) - Implantation: Accidental spillage of tumour cells during surgery

Question 44

Grading of cancers (1-4 based on degree of anaplasia)

Answer 44

- Useful for treatment planning and prognosis 1) well differentiated cells, closely resembles tissue of origin 2) moderately differentiated 3) poorly differentiated 4) very poorly differentiated, no resemblance to tissue of origin

Question 45

Staging of cancers

Answer 45

1) Small, local 2) More extensive, local (locally invasive) 3) Regional lymph nodes involved 4) Distant metastasis spreads

Question 46

T.N.M

Answer 46

T) Tumour size (0-4) N) Lymph node status (0-2) M) Anatomical extent of metastasis (0-4)

Question 47

Cancer diagnosis

Answer 47

Endoscopy: Direct visualisation of internal structures using an endoscope Imaging: plain x-ray, contrast study, CT, MRI, US Lab investigation: Tissue sampling by biopsy