1: Intro to the human body Flashcards

Question

Define enzymes and what is their job

Answer 1

enzymes are proteins that have specific active sites which bind to specific substrates to become an enzyme-substrate complex. Next, a reaction occurs and a product is released.

Answer 2

- contain both C and H - more complex - typically insoluble in water 4 types of macromolecules - carbohydrates - Lipids - Nucleic acids - Proteins

Answer 3

Do not contain both C and H - more simple molecules - typically water-soluble/disovable ionic compounds

Answer 4

substances that relase charged ions in water inorganic molecule

Answer 5

atom, molecule w/ an overall electrical charge. | inorganic ion

Answer 6

Acids are substances that provide hydrogen ions (H+) and lower pH. when acid eneters water it splits into its single atoms acids always release H+

Answer 7

bases provide hydroxide ions (OH–) and raise pH. when bases hits water it releases ions. Bases always release ions that can bind H+ ions

Answer 8

The neutral ionic compound formed by chemical combination of acid and base, or through neutralization - composed of sodium or chloride a salt hits water ut releases ions. A salt releases ions that have no effect on pH. No bind or release of H+

Answer 9

think the presence of hydrogen - more presence of H+ ions means it is more acidic so they have a lover number H+ is an ion and it throws things around so it makes stuff acidic. a solution w/ a lower concentration of H+ are more basic/alkaline so they have a higher pH. remember pH is an inverse relationship= less hydrogen ions= higher number on scale

Answer 10

normal plasma= 7.35-7.45 pH plasma pH< 7.35=acidosis plasma pH> 7.45= alkalosis cells and enzymes arent as happy and cant function as they should outside this homeostatic range

Answer 11

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer. ``` monomer= multiple molecules polymer= cain of monomers ```

Answer 12

1- carbohydrates 2- lipids 3- Nucleic acids Proteins

Answer 13

structure= built from simple sugar monomers (monosaccharides) Function= provides energy for cellular function e.g. glucose (a carb) that is converted into ATP for energy. in this form, it was a glycogen polysaccharide - found in breads, grains, fruit + veg

Answer 14

``` Structure= fatty acids and glycerole Function= different for each type 1. Trigylcerides - for long term energy store - thermal insulation - protection from mechanical trauma ``` 2. Phospholipids - form bilayer in cell membranes - made of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. 3. Steroids - fat, 4 hydrocarbon rings function= makes vitamin D, hormones, bile salts found in animals and plants

Answer 15

Structure= nucleotides - all have a phosphate, ribose sugar, and a base 2 types of nucleic acids 1. DNA - most abundant nucleic acid - carries genetic info, codes for genes 2. ATP - 3 phosphates then one break off to create energy

Answer 16

Structure= amino acids amino acids-pepties-polllypeptides-proteins Function= structural material ``` 2 structural classes 1= Fibrous elongated nd standlike - stable STRUCTURAL proteins e.g. kertaine and collage ``` 2. Globular compact and spherical - chemically active FUNCTIONAL proteins e.g. enzymes and hormones

Answer 17

shape of the active site means it can only function with the certain substrate. When it denatures/loses structure it can no longer function. Denature from pH or temp

Answer 18

how we maintain homeostasis stimulus= occurs when one variable moves outside normal range receptor= detects stimulus (change of variable) e.g. thermoreceptor, baroreceptor (blood pressure) afferent pathway control center= decides how to respond ti stimulus efferent pathway effector= produces a response via gland or muscle response

Answer 19

returns the response back within normal range e.g. temperature, blood glucose

Answer 20

works until the variable is no longer being produced or exists. Positive feedback occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly. e.g. child birth

Answer 21

55% Plasma (water, plasma, protein small solutes) <1% bufft coat (platelets, leukocytes/WBC) 45% erythrocytes/RBC

Answer 22

% of the blood that us erythrocyte (RBC)

Answer 23

``` biconcave structure= - stackable/flexable - high SA:VO - no organelles= more space for gasses these all allow for more O2 to be carried ```

Answer 24

structure= 4 chambers to carry more O2 the chemical properties od Hb facilitate for effective gas transport

Answer 25

WBC Function= defence Structure= formed in bone marrow, only true WBC macrophages and monocytes= phagocytosis Lymphocytes= immunity/antibody production

Answer 26

``` 1= districution (CO2 + O2, nutrients, hormones) 2= regulation (maintain intersitua fluid composition, pH buffer, body temp/vasodilation/constriction) 3= protection (infection control, prevent blood loss) ```