1. Intro To Vertebrates Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What are vertebrates
A
Diverse group of animals with a backbone
2
Q
How many classes of vertebrates are there
A
5
3
Q
What are the classes of vertebrates
A
Fish,bird, mammal, reptiles, and amphibians
4
Q
How can you tell vertebrates apart from invertebrates
A
Vertebrates possess a notochord and/or vertebral
column along with other character traits
5
Q
What is the most diverse group of vertebrates to the least
A
Fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals
6
Q
How many species of fish are there
A
about 26,000
7
Q
How many species of birds are there
A
about 9,100
8
Q
How many species of reptiles are there
A
about 7,000
9
Q
How many species of amphibians are there
A
about 4,800
10
Q
How many species of mammals are there
A
about 4,500
11
Q
How many vertebrate species are there
A
about 51,400
12
Q
What class is the majority of the vertebrate species and the percent of it
A
Fish and 51%
13
Q
How long did it take to create our current diversity
A
500 million years
14
Q
How long ago did we have the most diverse group of animals
A
12-14 million of years ago
15
Q
What is our current diversity ratio
A
1:100 / living:extinct
16
Q
Vertebrates are found in what habitats
A
All habitats
17
Q
What sizes do vertebrates range from
A
0.1g to 100,000kg
18
Q
Anatomical, how many sections of planes are there
A
3
19
Q
What is the midsagittal plane
A
right/left
20
Q
What is the frontal (horizontal) plane
A
top/bottom
21
Q
What is the transverse (coronal) plane
A
front/back
22
Q
What is parasagittal
A
Planes of section parallel to midsagittal
23
Q
Where is Dorsal, ventral, cranial, and caudal located
A
Top, bottom, front (anterior/rostral), and back
24
Q
Where is anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior located
A
Front, back, top, bottom
25
Why do we use directional terms
it helps us describe locations regardless of the animal position (human terms are slightly different)
26
Distal vs proximal
Proximal is closest to the midsagittal plane.
| Shoulder is proximal to elbow/elbow is distal to shoulder, however elbow is proximal to index finger
27
Superficial vs. deep
Outside toward the inside
| EX. Going threw layers of skin and coming out on the other side. superficial → deep→ deep → superficial
28
Flexion vs extension
Extension is straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts
EX. arm going 90 degrees to 180 degrees
29
Abduction vs. adduction
Closing jaw= adducting
| Opening jaw=abduction
30
Pronation vs. supination
Pronation= palms down
| Supination=palms up
31
Protraction vs retraction
Protraction= tongue out
| Retraction=tongue in
32
What is Palmar, plantar, and
| Dorsal (hands & feet)
Palms, bottom foot, top of hands and feet
33
What are the 4 eons
Hadean (molten rocks),
Archean (ancient rocks), Proterozoic (early life)
and the Phanerozoic (visible life)
34
What do we divided the eons up as
Precambrian & Phanerozoic
35
Which eon(s) contains vertebrates
Phanerozoic
36
How many eras are in the Phanerozoic and what are they called
3, Paleozoic (old life), mesozoic (middle life), and cetiozoic (recent life)
37
What are eras divided up into
periods
38
What period did the first vertebrate appear in
cambrian
39
What happened when the continent shifted
Ocean circulation and atmosphere changed
Influenced evolution of vertebrate groups
Effected distribution or biogeography
40
Why did mass extinction happen
due to the climate change
41
What period and era did amphibians occur
Devonian and Paleozoic
42
What period and era did reptiles occur
Carboniferous and Paleozoic
43
What period and era did birds occur
Jurassic and mesozoic (Gondwanaland and laurasia)
44
What period and era did mammals occur
Trassic and mesozoic
45
After what era did we almost lose all life and how much life did we lose
After Paleozoic and 80%
46
When did we lose dinosaurs and what is it called
After mesozoic (cretaceous [Gondwanaland brakes up] ) and the KT boundary
47
What makes the start of a new era
after a mass extension happened
48
Describe cambrian
shallow/warm seas, 540 million years ago, Paleozoic era
49
Describe permian
Shallow seas gone, drier climate,290 million years ago, Pangea, Paleozoic era, mass extinction event,
50
The periods in geological order
Cambrian (540), ordoviciam (490), silurian (443) , devonian (417), carboniferrous (354), permian (290), trassic (248), jurassic (206), cretaceous (144), tertiary (65), quarernary (1.8)
51
Describe cetiozoic
cool climate, repeated glaciation events and people
52
Phylogeny:
the course of evolution
53
Dendrograms:
represent relationship along evolutionary course via comparative method.
EX.historic & modern
54
What do Phenetic and Cladistic trees do
represent true evolutionary relationships.
55
Phenetic trees:
use characters similar in appearance
56
Cladistic analyses
use homologous characters regardless of appearance
57
Whos responsible for our modern day deflation of homology and was a curry for vertebrates at British natural museum of history
Sir Richard Owen (1804-1892)
58
How can you summarize the course of the evolution of a clade back to its ancestor
through comparison of homologous characters
59
Homologous characters:
are the basis of cladistic analyses
60
Homology:
features or parts that share a common ancestry through vertebrate evolution
61
Analogy:
features or parts that share a common ancestry through vertebrate evolution
62
Homoplasy:
features or parts that look alike but do not share function or ancestry (camouflage/mimicry)
63
What do the same habitats result in
similar selection pressures to animals of varying history
64
Selection pressure:
any cause that reduces reproductive success in proportion of the population
65
Analogous structures and homoplasy
Things tend to look alike because there sharing functions, which, Animals with different evolutionary histories find different solutions to similar problems
66
Who made Binominal Nomenclature
Linnaeus (Systema Naturae: 1735-1758).
67
what is Binominal Nomenclature and what is it based on
Genus species (Itallized ) and latin
68
Hierarchical Groups
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
69
Family always end in what letters
dae
70
A sub family always ended in what letters
nae
71
How do taxa get placed in groups
based on common characteristics; decreasing inclusiveness
72
Cladistical Analyses
Based on the premise that modern organisms are derived from their ancestors (yield multiple phylogenetic trees)
73
Pleisiom orphies:
ancestral characters
74
Apomorphies:
derived characters
75
Synapomophies:
shared derived characters
76
Outgroup:
nearest related group not included in group of interest
77
Sister group:
adjacent clades
78
5 Basic Steps to Creating a Cladogram
1.) What characters are primitive to all (pleisiomorphies)?
2.) What characters are derived (apomorphies)?
Are some shared (synapomorphies)?
-- usually yes
3.)Select all synapomorphic characters common to a clade
4.) Higher clades = fewer common characters
5.)Parsimony
79
What makes a strong hypothesis in a cladistical analyses
a tree with the fewest changes
80
Monophyletic Groups:
The Ideal Tree
81
Monophyletic:
single ancestor for each group
82
Polyphyletic:
>1 ancestor for each group; classification error
83
Paraphyletic:
> 1 ancestor for each group contains some but not all ancestors. Two immediate ancestors (I & A), restructure tree to represent entire ancestry, collect more fossils
84
Two requirements for cladistics
homologous characters and monophyletic groupings
85
Whats the shape of evolution
Bushy shrub not a ladder; evolution is not progressive
86
Vertebrate Phylogeny
Summarizes both vertebrate diversity and evolutionary relationships
87
Eu mean
good/true
88
A means
no/none
89
Phylum Porifera:
sponges-no true tissues
90
Radiata:
Phylum Cnidara and Ctenophora
| radial symmerty, diploblastic (have two types of tissue)
91
Bilateria:
Several Groups/Many Phyla
| bilateral symmetry, triploblastic
92
Bilateria groups
1.Acoelomates(no body cavity): Platyhelminthes-flatworms
2. Pseudocoelomates -- mesoderm doesn’t
completely line body cavity
3. Coelomates -- mesoderm lines entire body cavity
93
What is a Chordate?
Animals with a deuterostome developmental plan
| and 4 specific synapomorphies
94
Deuterostome developmental plan
radial cleavage, indeterminate cell fate
enterocoelous type of coelom development
blastopore develops into anus
95
Chordate Characteristics (4):
1. Notocord
2. Pharyngeal sltis
3. Dorsal/hollow nerve cord
4. Post anal tail
Each character must appear at some point in
the life cycle but do not have to occur simultaneously
96
Notocord
Semirigid-elastic rod that runs cranial-caudal dorsal to the coelom but ventral to nerve cord
Develops from gut outpocket
97
What does the Notocord do
Provides mechanical support for a body w/o an endo or exoskeletal system.
Many invertebrates are supported by a hydrostatic skeleton; true for protochordates
98
What is the Notocord composed of
mesodermal cells and fluid encased in a fibrous collagenous sheath.
The notochord itself is a hydrostatic organ and uses pressure to provide rigidity.
Collagen fibers wound in a helix around the perimeter controls
99
Why is the Notocord flexible
allows side to side undulations of locomotor muscles.
Muscles cannot lengthen independently; NC provides such antagonistic forces.
Resists compressive and tensile forces, allows some bending
100
What doesnt have a Notocord
Notochord is replaced in bony fish and terrestrial vertebrates by vertebral column.
Persists in embryonic development.
Persists as nucleus pulposus in adult vertebrates
101
Pharyngeal Slits
Longitudinal series of openings in the pharynx
102
Pharynx:
space between the mouth and the esophagus.
| Part of the digestive tract
103
What do the Pharyngeal Slits appear
Slits or clefts always appear during embryonic development in all vertebrates, pharyngeal slits may not persist beyond developmental stage
104
What do Primitive chordates do
expand the pharynx to form a branchial basket.
Large water filering clevise for suspension feeding.
Increase the number of slits and line the surface with mucous; cilia
105
Pharyngeal Slits- Larger vertebrates need another feeding mechanism
pharynx becomes a pump activated by muscles not cilia.
| Allows more water and larger prey to enter mouth
106
In fish, the gills (respiratory structures) lie just superficially to the slits
pharyngeal pump used to pump water over adjacent gills.
Additional resiration fx.
Important evolutionary jump; increases locomotion capability
107
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Derived from ectoderm tissue.
108
protostomes:
scattered origin and ventral position
109
Neurulation:
formation of the neural tube (neurula).
Notochord cells induce invagination of the ectoderm to form a neural placode/plate.
Stage after gastrulation.
Neural plate cells roll into a tube, fuse and sink below surface
110
Neurocoel:
empty cavity, filled with fluid (CSF in mammals)
111
Neural crest cells:
will differentiate into portions of the nervous system and parts of the head and face (vertebrate feature)
112
Post-anal tail:
(notochord, segmented axial musculature)
Posterior elongation of the body caudal to the anus
Ex: locomotion
113
Phylum Chordata
Invertebrate Chordates
tunicates/sea squirts
cephalochordates/ lancelets
114
Fish:
```
Agnathans: jawless fish
Gnathostomes: jawed fish
-Placoderms:armored fish
- Chondrichthyes: sharks & rays
-Osteichrnyes: bony fish
```
115
Tetrapods:
amphibians: frogs salamanders
116
Amniotes:
reptiles: turtles, alligators,
snakes, lizards, dinosaurs
Birds:
Mammals:
117
What separates Vertebrates from Chordates?
4 chordate synapomorphies in addition to vertebrate synapomorphies.
Usually a closed circulatory system, more efficient metabolism, and active lifestyle, muscular pharyngeal pump & larger food items
118
Vertebrate Synapomorphies
- Vertebrae and vertebral column (except hagfish & lamprey; Craniata).
- Vertical semiarcular ducts (inner ear)
- Increased cephalization; cranium w/increased sense organs
- Duplication of the hox gene complex
- Neural crest cells & placodes
- -3 part brain, including a cerebral cortex
