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Natural History Of The Vertebrates > 1. Intro To Vertebrates > Flashcards

1. Intro To Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are vertebrates

A

Diverse group of animals with a backbone

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2
Q

How many classes of vertebrates are there

A

5

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3
Q

What are the classes of vertebrates

A

Fish,bird, mammal, reptiles, and amphibians

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4
Q

How can you tell vertebrates apart from invertebrates

A

Vertebrates possess a notochord and/or vertebral

column along with other character traits

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5
Q

What is the most diverse group of vertebrates to the least

A

Fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals

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6
Q

How many species of fish are there

A

about 26,000

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7
Q

How many species of birds are there

A

about 9,100

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8
Q

How many species of reptiles are there

A

about 7,000

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9
Q

How many species of amphibians are there

A

about 4,800

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10
Q

How many species of mammals are there

A

about 4,500

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11
Q

How many vertebrate species are there

A

about 51,400

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12
Q

What class is the majority of the vertebrate species and the percent of it

A

Fish and 51%

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13
Q

How long did it take to create our current diversity

A

500 million years

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14
Q

How long ago did we have the most diverse group of animals

A

12-14 million of years ago

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15
Q

What is our current diversity ratio

A

1:100 / living:extinct

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16
Q

Vertebrates are found in what habitats

A

All habitats

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17
Q

What sizes do vertebrates range from

A

0.1g to 100,000kg

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18
Q

Anatomical, how many sections of planes are there

A

3

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19
Q

What is the midsagittal plane

A

right/left

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20
Q

What is the frontal (horizontal) plane

A

top/bottom

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21
Q

What is the transverse (coronal) plane

A

front/back

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22
Q

What is parasagittal

A

Planes of section parallel to midsagittal

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23
Q

Where is Dorsal, ventral, cranial, and caudal located

A

Top, bottom, front (anterior/rostral), and back

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24
Q

Where is anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior located

A

Front, back, top, bottom

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25
Q

Why do we use directional terms

A

it helps us describe locations regardless of the animal position (human terms are slightly different)

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26
Q

Distal vs proximal

A

Proximal is closest to the midsagittal plane.

Shoulder is proximal to elbow/elbow is distal to shoulder, however elbow is proximal to index finger

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27
Q

Superficial vs. deep

A

Outside toward the inside

EX. Going threw layers of skin and coming out on the other side. superficial → deep→ deep → superficial

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28
Q

Flexion vs extension

A

Extension is straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts
EX. arm going 90 degrees to 180 degrees

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29
Q

Abduction vs. adduction

A

Closing jaw= adducting

Opening jaw=abduction

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30
Q

Pronation vs. supination

A

Pronation= palms down

Supination=palms up

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31
Q

Protraction vs retraction

A

Protraction= tongue out

Retraction=tongue in

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32
Q

What is Palmar, plantar, and

Dorsal (hands & feet)

A

Palms, bottom foot, top of hands and feet

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33
Q

What are the 4 eons

A

Hadean (molten rocks),
Archean (ancient rocks), Proterozoic (early life)
and the Phanerozoic (visible life)

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34
Q

What do we divided the eons up as

A

Precambrian & Phanerozoic

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35
Q

Which eon(s) contains vertebrates

A

Phanerozoic

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36
Q

How many eras are in the Phanerozoic and what are they called

A

3, Paleozoic (old life), mesozoic (middle life), and cetiozoic (recent life)

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37
Q

What are eras divided up into

A

periods

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38
Q

What period did the first vertebrate appear in

A

cambrian

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39
Q

What happened when the continent shifted

A

Ocean circulation and atmosphere changed
Influenced evolution of vertebrate groups
Effected distribution or biogeography

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40
Q

Why did mass extinction happen

A

due to the climate change

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41
Q

What period and era did amphibians occur

A

Devonian and Paleozoic

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42
Q

What period and era did reptiles occur

A

Carboniferous and Paleozoic

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43
Q

What period and era did birds occur

A

Jurassic and mesozoic (Gondwanaland and laurasia)

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44
Q

What period and era did mammals occur

A

Trassic and mesozoic

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45
Q

After what era did we almost lose all life and how much life did we lose

A

After Paleozoic and 80%

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46
Q

When did we lose dinosaurs and what is it called

A

After mesozoic (cretaceous [Gondwanaland brakes up] ) and the KT boundary

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47
Q

What makes the start of a new era

A

after a mass extension happened

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48
Q

Describe cambrian

A

shallow/warm seas, 540 million years ago, Paleozoic era

49
Q

Describe permian

A

Shallow seas gone, drier climate,290 million years ago, Pangea, Paleozoic era, mass extinction event,

50
Q

The periods in geological order

A

Cambrian (540), ordoviciam (490), silurian (443) , devonian (417), carboniferrous (354), permian (290), trassic (248), jurassic (206), cretaceous (144), tertiary (65), quarernary (1.8)

51
Q

Describe cetiozoic

A

cool climate, repeated glaciation events and people

52
Q

Phylogeny:

A

the course of evolution

53
Q

Dendrograms:

A

represent relationship along evolutionary course via comparative method.
EX.historic & modern

54
Q

What do Phenetic and Cladistic trees do

A

represent true evolutionary relationships.

55
Q

Phenetic trees:

A

use characters similar in appearance

56
Q

Cladistic analyses

A

use homologous characters regardless of appearance

57
Q

Whos responsible for our modern day deflation of homology and was a curry for vertebrates at British natural museum of history

A

Sir Richard Owen (1804-1892)

58
Q

How can you summarize the course of the evolution of a clade back to its ancestor

A

through comparison of homologous characters

59
Q

Homologous characters:

A

are the basis of cladistic analyses

60
Q

Homology:

A

features or parts that share a common ancestry through vertebrate evolution

61
Q

Analogy:

A

features or parts that share a common ancestry through vertebrate evolution

62
Q

Homoplasy:

A

features or parts that look alike but do not share function or ancestry (camouflage/mimicry)

63
Q

What do the same habitats result in

A

similar selection pressures to animals of varying history

64
Q

Selection pressure:

A

any cause that reduces reproductive success in proportion of the population

65
Q

Analogous structures and homoplasy

A

Things tend to look alike because there sharing functions, which, Animals with different evolutionary histories find different solutions to similar problems

66
Q

Who made Binominal Nomenclature

A

Linnaeus (Systema Naturae: 1735-1758).

67
Q

what is Binominal Nomenclature and what is it based on

A

Genus species (Itallized ) and latin

68
Q

Hierarchical Groups

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

69
Q

Family always end in what letters

A

dae

70
Q

A sub family always ended in what letters

A

nae

71
Q

How do taxa get placed in groups

A

based on common characteristics; decreasing inclusiveness

72
Q

Cladistical Analyses

A

Based on the premise that modern organisms are derived from their ancestors (yield multiple phylogenetic trees)

73
Q

Pleisiom orphies:

A

ancestral characters

74
Q

Apomorphies:

A

derived characters

75
Q

Synapomophies:

A

shared derived characters

76
Q

Outgroup:

A

nearest related group not included in group of interest

77
Q

Sister group:

A

adjacent clades

78
Q

5 Basic Steps to Creating a Cladogram

A

1.) What characters are primitive to all (pleisiomorphies)?
2.) What characters are derived (apomorphies)?
Are some shared (synapomorphies)?
– usually yes
3.)Select all synapomorphic characters common to a clade
4.) Higher clades = fewer common characters
5.)Parsimony

79
Q

What makes a strong hypothesis in a cladistical analyses

A

a tree with the fewest changes

80
Q

Monophyletic Groups:

A

The Ideal Tree

81
Q

Monophyletic:

A

single ancestor for each group

82
Q

Polyphyletic:

A

> 1 ancestor for each group; classification error

83
Q

Paraphyletic:

A

> 1 ancestor for each group contains some but not all ancestors. Two immediate ancestors (I & A), restructure tree to represent entire ancestry, collect more fossils

84
Q

Two requirements for cladistics

A

homologous characters and monophyletic groupings

85
Q

Whats the shape of evolution

A

Bushy shrub not a ladder; evolution is not progressive

86
Q

Vertebrate Phylogeny

A

Summarizes both vertebrate diversity and evolutionary relationships

87
Q

Eu mean

A

good/true

88
Q

A means

A

no/none

89
Q

Phylum Porifera:

A

sponges-no true tissues

90
Q

Radiata:

A

Phylum Cnidara and Ctenophora

radial symmerty, diploblastic (have two types of tissue)

91
Q

Bilateria:

A

Several Groups/Many Phyla

bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

92
Q

Bilateria groups

A

1.Acoelomates(no body cavity): Platyhelminthes-flatworms
2. Pseudocoelomates – mesoderm doesn’t
completely line body cavity
3. Coelomates – mesoderm lines entire body cavity

93
Q

What is a Chordate?

A

Animals with a deuterostome developmental plan

and 4 specific synapomorphies

94
Q

Deuterostome developmental plan

A

radial cleavage, indeterminate cell fate
enterocoelous type of coelom development
blastopore develops into anus

95
Q

Chordate Characteristics (4):

A
  1. Notocord
  2. Pharyngeal sltis
  3. Dorsal/hollow nerve cord
  4. Post anal tail
    Each character must appear at some point in
    the life cycle but do not have to occur simultaneously
96
Q

Notocord

A

Semirigid-elastic rod that runs cranial-caudal dorsal to the coelom but ventral to nerve cord
Develops from gut outpocket

97
Q

What does the Notocord do

A

Provides mechanical support for a body w/o an endo or exoskeletal system.
Many invertebrates are supported by a hydrostatic skeleton; true for protochordates

98
Q

What is the Notocord composed of

A

mesodermal cells and fluid encased in a fibrous collagenous sheath.
The notochord itself is a hydrostatic organ and uses pressure to provide rigidity.
Collagen fibers wound in a helix around the perimeter controls

99
Q

Why is the Notocord flexible

A

allows side to side undulations of locomotor muscles.
Muscles cannot lengthen independently; NC provides such antagonistic forces.
Resists compressive and tensile forces, allows some bending

100
Q

What doesnt have a Notocord

A

Notochord is replaced in bony fish and terrestrial vertebrates by vertebral column.
Persists in embryonic development.
Persists as nucleus pulposus in adult vertebrates

101
Q

Pharyngeal Slits

A

Longitudinal series of openings in the pharynx

102
Q

Pharynx:

A

space between the mouth and the esophagus.

Part of the digestive tract

103
Q

What do the Pharyngeal Slits appear

A

Slits or clefts always appear during embryonic development in all vertebrates, pharyngeal slits may not persist beyond developmental stage

104
Q

What do Primitive chordates do

A

expand the pharynx to form a branchial basket.
Large water filering clevise for suspension feeding.
Increase the number of slits and line the surface with mucous; cilia

105
Q

Pharyngeal Slits- Larger vertebrates need another feeding mechanism

A

pharynx becomes a pump activated by muscles not cilia.

Allows more water and larger prey to enter mouth

106
Q

In fish, the gills (respiratory structures) lie just superficially to the slits

A

pharyngeal pump used to pump water over adjacent gills.
Additional resiration fx.
Important evolutionary jump; increases locomotion capability

107
Q

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

A

Derived from ectoderm tissue.

108
Q

protostomes:

A

scattered origin and ventral position

109
Q

Neurulation:

A

formation of the neural tube (neurula).
Notochord cells induce invagination of the ectoderm to form a neural placode/plate.
Stage after gastrulation.
Neural plate cells roll into a tube, fuse and sink below surface

110
Q

Neurocoel:

A

empty cavity, filled with fluid (CSF in mammals)

111
Q

Neural crest cells:

A

will differentiate into portions of the nervous system and parts of the head and face (vertebrate feature)

112
Q

Post-anal tail:

A

(notochord, segmented axial musculature)
Posterior elongation of the body caudal to the anus
Ex: locomotion

113
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

Invertebrate Chordates
tunicates/sea squirts
cephalochordates/ lancelets

114
Q

Fish:

A 
Agnathans: jawless fish
Gnathostomes: jawed fish
 -Placoderms:armored fish
- Chondrichthyes: sharks & rays
-Osteichrnyes: bony fish
115
Q

Tetrapods:

A

amphibians: frogs salamanders

116
Q

Amniotes:

A

reptiles: turtles, alligators,
snakes, lizards, dinosaurs
Birds:
Mammals:

117
Q

What separates Vertebrates from Chordates?

A

4 chordate synapomorphies in addition to vertebrate synapomorphies.
Usually a closed circulatory system, more efficient metabolism, and active lifestyle, muscular pharyngeal pump & larger food items

118
Q

Vertebrate Synapomorphies

A
  • Vertebrae and vertebral column (except hagfish & lamprey; Craniata).
  • Vertical semiarcular ducts (inner ear)
  • Increased cephalization; cranium w/increased sense organs
  • Duplication of the hox gene complex
  • Neural crest cells & placodes
  • -3 part brain, including a cerebral cortex

Natural History Of The Vertebrates (1 decks)

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