1: Introduction to Biochemistry

Question 1

 The science concerned with the chemical basis of life.
 The science concerned with the various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms and with their chemical reaction.
 Anything more than a superficial comprehension of life – in all its diverse manifestation – demands a knowledge of biochemistry.

Answer 1

DEFINITION: The chemistry of life

Question 2

• Pioneer
• Father of (Modern) Biochemistry
• Editor of first journal of Biochemistry
• Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts (substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction)
• Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules
• Flow of information: from nucleic acids to proteins: DNA > RNA > Protein

Answer 2

Carl Neuberg (German) – 1903

Question 3

• Discovered Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb’s Cycle
• Pioneer of Cellular Respiration (Metabolic reaction)
   Breakdown of glucose to form energy
   ATP (adenosintriphosphate) – contains energy
• Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953

Answer 3

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (German) - 1937

Question 4

• Discovered DNA as double helix
• Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962

Answer 4

James Watson and Francis Crick (English) - 1953

Question 5

2 carbon-nitrogen rings

Answer 5

Purines

Question 6

1/single carbon-nitrogen ring

Answer 6

Pyrimidines

Question 7

Pyrimidines

Answer 7

1. Thymine
2. Cytosine

Question 8

Purines

Answer 8

1. Guanine
2. Adenine

Question 9

• Determined Insulin sequence and structure of proteins
• Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956

Answer 9

Frederick Sanger (British) - 1955

Question 10

• Determined sequence of DNA
• Won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980

Answer 10

Frederick Sanger (British) and Walter Gilbert (American) - 1980

Question 11

• Invention of PCR method (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
• Won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993

Answer 11

Kary Mullis (American) - 1993

Question 12

Laboratory technique that rapidly determine the specific segment of DNA.

Answer 12

PCR method (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Question 13

• Each types of biomolecules are polymers that are assembled from single units called

Answer 13

MONOMERS

Question 14

 Building blocks of polymers/short, one chain

Answer 14

MONOMERS

Question 15

long, two or more chains; chain of unspecified number of monomers

Answer 15

Polymers

Question 16

Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of

Answer 16

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MONOMER

Question 17

In a _____________________, a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.

Answer 17

condensation reactions

Question 18

kumpol-kumpol; dikit-dikit

Answer 18

Anabolic

Question 19

takes larger structure breakdown into smaller units; hati-hatiin

Answer 19

Catabolic

Question 20

(basic structural units of living organisms): are highly organized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state

Answer 20

CELLS

Question 21

contain thousands of chemical pathways. Precise regulation and integration of these pathways are required to maintain life.

Answer 21

• Living processes

Question 22

• All organisms use the same type of molecules:

Answer 22

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids

Question 23

Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded in their

Answer 23

DNA

Question 24

• Basic building blocks of life
• Smallest living unit of an organism
• A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular) or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism (multicellular)
• Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment
• Many cannot be seen with the naked eye – a typical cell size is 10μm; a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram.

Answer 24

Cell

Question 25

Move from higher to lower until concentration equalizes

Answer 25

Diffusion

Question 26

Move from lower to higher concentration

Answer 26

Osmosis

Question 27

“NO ID, NO ENTRY” determine what molecules can go in and what molecules can go out of a cell.

Answer 27

Selective transport

Question 28

(Greek: pro-before; karyon-nucleus) include various bacteria

Answer 28

PROKARYOTES

Question 29

* lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles * Cell membrane & cell wall * Nucleoid region contains the DNA * Contain ribosomes (no membrane)

Answer 29

PROKARYOTES

Question 30

(Greek: eu-true; karyon-nucleus) include most other cells (plants, fungi, & animals)

Answer 30

EUKARYOTES

Question 31

* have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles * Cell Membrane * Nucleus * Cytoplasm with organelles

Answer 31

EUKARYOTES

Question 32

- Cell’s defining boundary - Providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems

Answer 32

Plasma Membrane

Question 33

- Cell’s information center - Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the nucleolus. - The place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur. - Nucleolus: a site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome.

Answer 33

Nucleus

Question 34

- the power generators Mitochondria (Greek: mitos-thread; chondros-granule): - Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called cristae. - Functions in energy production through metabolism. - Contains its own DNA.

Answer 34

Mitochondria

Question 35

- The transport network for molecules

Answer 35

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 36

- Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in membranes

Answer 36

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Question 37

- Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis

Answer 37

Ribosomes

Question 38

- site for synthesis and metabolism of lipid

Answer 38

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 39

- process and package the macromolecules - A series of stacked membranes. - Vesicles: carry materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form.

Answer 39

Golgi apparatus

Question 40

- contain digestive enzyme A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell.

Answer 40

Lysosomes

Question 41

- enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called cytosol and it houses the membranous organelles.

Answer 41

Cytoplasm

Question 42

building blocks of cells

Answer 42

biomolecules

Question 43

Organic compounds are compounds composed primarily of a _____________________

Answer 43

Carbon skeleton.

Question 44

* _________________ is more abundant in living organisms than it is in the rest of the universe.

Answer 44

Carbon

Question 45

* has the ability of ______ atoms to bond together to form long chains and rings. * can form immensely diverse

Answer 45

Carbon

Question 46

* All cells use __________________ to store information

Answer 46

nucleic acids (DNA)nucleic acids (DNA)

Question 47

* All cells use ______________________ to access stored information

Answer 47

nucleic acids (RNA)

Question 48

* All cells use proteins as _______________ for chemical reactions

Answer 48

catalysts (enzymes)

Question 49

* All cells use _____ for membrane components

Answer 49

lipids

Question 50

* All cells use ________________ for cell walls (if present), recognition, and energy generation

Answer 50

carbohydrates