1. Introduction to Dental Materials Flashcards by J L

St. Apollonia

St Apollonia with a tooth grasping forceps in hand

A source of comfort to ____ sufferers

tooth ache

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Historical Perspectives

1728 ____ – Father of Dentistry
Published report on dental restorations

1756 ____
Wax impressions and POP casts

1792 ____
Construction of porcelain teeth

1915 Discovery! ____ reduced caries rates in Colorado

1935 - Polymerized ____ resin

1919 - US NBS/NIST - ____
- Specifications for amalgam

1928 - ____

Fauchard
Pfaff
de Chamant
Fluoride
Acrylic
Wilmer Souder
ADA Standards

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Relevant Standards Organizations
• ____
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- American Dental Association (ADA)

• ____

Int. Dental Federation (FDI)
Int. Standards Organization (ISO)

Control which materials are sold and which materials are released to consumers

Each organization has their own ____ that products must meet

National
International
standard

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Federal Regulations

1976 Medical Devices Amendment

FDA regulation of medical devices
Class I devices - ____ risk
– General controls - good manufacturing practices
Class II devices -
– FDA Performance standards
Class III devices
–Approval for safety and efficacy
— Premarket Approvals - Dental Implants

Class I > ____
Class II > dental ____
Class II > most ____ > implants; evidence of meeting certification standards, and that they are safe

low
burs
composites
invasive

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Scope of Subject

General classification of dental materials

Metals

Gold ____, Base metal ____, dental ____, direct filling gold, stainless steel wrought ____

Classify dental materials into ____ major groups

alloys
alloys
amalgam
alloys

three

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Maryland Bridge

A type of ____ material > replacing a missing tooth, cemented to the adjacent teeth

metallic

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Polymer Materials

\_\_\_\_
Composite \_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_ base impression materials
\_\_\_\_ impression materials
\_\_\_\_

Composite resin (combination of a polymer ____ + inorganic filler)

Acrylic is used for making ____ (PMMA)

polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
resin
rubber
hydrocolloid
waxes

Bis-GMA
dentures

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Metals/Polymers

Maxillofacial Prosthodontists > ____ body parts attached via implants

silicone

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Waxes

Wax is made from a mixture of ____ resins

Used as an ____ step for restorations

polymeric

intermediate

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Ceramic Materials

____ veneers and crowns
____ materials
- ____ products
Dental ____

porcelain
investment
gypsum
cements

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Ceramic Veneers

____ veneer for correcting discolored canine

Ceramic

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Ceramics and Color

____ Fused-to -____ restorations tinted to give appearance of aging

porcelain

metal

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Effects of Oral Environment

Physical Considerations

____
____ changes
____ changes

biting forces/stresses
temperature
pH

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Stresses on Restorations

Stresses in ____ of dental restorations

selected regions

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Effects of Oral Environment

Biological Considerations

____
____ effects on dental pulp
____
____

Microleakage > leakage of fluids and oral bacteria through a filling

Thermal effect > using a ____ restoration > high thermal conductivity > can potentially kill the pulp

Galvanism > saliva and tissue fluids are ____; there can be electrical currents generated in the mouth (esp common between two metals and the saliva)

microleakage
thermal
galvanism
toxicity

metallic
conductive

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Biological Consequences

____ along tooth/restoration interface

____ products from amalgam reduce microleakage

Patient may experience pain initially, but eventually the sensitivity wanes because the ____ corrodes and seals the margin; advise to take a tylenol

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microleakage
corrosion
amalgam

Other Properties

Electrical - Galvanic cell formation

Opposing metallic restorations
Saliva as ____
Current Flow

Assume one filling is gold and the other is amalgam, different ____, whenever they come into contact they generate a current

Avoid placing two ____ metals in contact with each other; not always homogenous, some patients experience ____

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electrolyte
conductivities
different
no effect

Structure of Matter

Primary (chemical) bonds
a. \_\_\_\_
b. covalent
c. \_\_\_\_
d. combination of ionic
   and covalent bond

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ionic

metallic

Ionic Bonds

Electron ____
Electrons are ____ for charge neutrality
____ Materials

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transfer
fixed
ceramic

Covalent Bonds

Electron ____
____ bond orientation
____ and ____

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sharing
precise
polymers
ceramics

Metallic Bonds

Electron ____
Electron ____ around ____ charged ions

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sharing
gas
positively

Structure of Matter

Secondary (Physical) bonds

____ forces eg. Hydrogen bonding
____

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polar

van der waals

Secondary Interatomic Bonds

Hydrogen Bonding
____ dipoles exemplified by ____ molecules

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permanent

water

Secondary Interatomic Bonds

van der Waals forces

____ dipoles of ____ gas molecules
____ electron field

Typically they are ____

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instantaneous
inert
fluctuating
symmetrical

Crystal Structure - Regular arrangement of atoms in space for ____ internal energy - -- every atom is situated ____ to every other atom - -- ____ ____ Possible lattice forms Ordered arrangement (space lattices)

minimal similarly space lattice 14

Crystal Structures A. Simple Cubic B. Body Centered Cubic C. Face Centered Cubic ____ > atoms at corners and one atom located at the center of the cube ____ > in addition to corners, there are also atoms located on the faces of the cube

body centered | face centered

Crystal Structures Body centered cubic (BCC) eg. ____ Face centered cubic (FCC) eg. ____ Hexagonal close packed (HCP) eg. ____ Important in the formation of alloys (mixing two metals); same ____ > more likely to mix (into an alloy)

Fe Au, Ag, Pd Ti crystal structure

14 Bravais Lattices Each point has ____ surroundings in three dimensions

identical

Non Crystalline Structure ____ materials Random arrangement of atoms (____ & some ____) ____ are an example of a crystalline structure (ordered)

amorphous polymers ceramics metals

Noncrystalline and Crystalline Network of Atoms (SiO2) Some materials can exist in a crystalline and non-crystalline > ____ ``` in glass (____ form of silica), it can exist in a relatively ____ structure. OR it can exist in an ____ structure in materials like quartz (____ form of silica) ```

``` silica amorphous disordered ordered crystalline ```

Non-crystalline Structure - Effect of solvent on chain ____ in a Polymer molecule Typical noncrystalline polymers would have a ____ arrangement of polymer chains. If you have a polymer chain entangled like this, if you add a ____ to it you can have it open up. The idea is that the structure is random and noncrystalline. Better solvent and higher temp > less entangled

entanglements random solvent

Tg vs Tm Arrangement of atoms leads to certain properties in materials; for metals (crystalline) > heat it > you see the plot on the right: volume increases ____ as metal expands (upon heating), and as you continue you approach melting temperature and the temp remains ____ as it changes to liquid, and once it is completely liquified the ____ begins increasing again Amorphous/non-crystalline (wax, polymer; left plot) > as you heat, ____ expands > reach ____ temperature > rapid change in volume ____ **Amorphous materials have a ____, while crystalline materials have a ____.***

slowly constant temperature slowly glass-transition immediately glass-transition temperature (Tg) fixed melting temperature (Tm)

Surface Energy Density and nature of unsatisfied bonds at ____ of a material High surface energy promotes ____ Solid material with ordered arrangement; ____ atoms in a state of high energy > surface energy (interior atoms are satisfied) Important because of ____ materials; if high surface energy material, it promotes "wetting"

surface wetting unsatisfied adhering

Wetting/Contact Angles Low contact angle = ____ wetting High contact angle = ____ wetting Solid material, drop of liquid > the liquid appears to spread over the surface; place a ____ and measure angle between liquid and solid > wetting/contact angle

good poor tangent

Wetting The degree of spreading of a liquid on a ____ surface Contact angles - Measure of degree of wetting < 90o - ____ wetting > 90o - ____ wetting 0o - ____ wetting

solid good poor complete

Wetting in Dentistry - ____ materials on teeth - ____ layer removal ○ Tooth dust collects on surface of tooth that you are restoring; the surface is now covered by debris; if this is present and trying to bond it can prevent proper ____ of surface - ____ and ____ bonding ○ Similar to smear layer mechanism; want a high surface energy in order to optimize bonding and the spread of bonding material to spread (wetting)

``` impression smear bonding/wetting enamel dentin ```

1. Introduction to Dental Materials Flashcards

(36 cards)