Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

exci 360 endocrinology > 1-introduction to endocrinology > Flashcards

1-introduction to endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical substance that is secreted by a gland or a tissue into body fluid and has a physiological control effect on other cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

endocrine def

A

H produced and secreted within the body (where it has its effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

opposite of endocrine and example

A

exocrine and digestive enzymes bc they are produced in the pancreas and excreted out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 different times scales of hormonal effects and examples

A

seconds (epi, norepi): fight or flight
several days, weeks: cell growth that requires gene transcription
months (tyroxine and growth H): mito changes and becomes more powerful or drugs for example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what can the sympathetic ns stimulate

A

adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what can the central ns control

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

t/f all H are controlled by the ns

A

f: some but not all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

t/f most hormones are produced at high levels to be able to regulate them easier

A

false, they are mostly produced at lower levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what metabolic functions of the body are controlled by the endocrine system

A

-chemical reaction rate of cells
-transport of substances through cell membrane
-growth of body
-secretion of other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

t/f the biochemical process in each cell cannot occur without the endo sys

A

false, it can occur but it requires the endo sys for homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what metabolites do the H have the most impact on

A

proteins, fatty acids and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what gland crosses the blood brain barrier

A

the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the top part of the pituitary connected to and the bottom part

A

the top part is connected to the hypothalamus and the bottom is connected to blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how many thyroid gland lobes does a person have and what shape

A

shapes vary and a person can have from 1 to 3 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what can the hypothalamus control

A

body temp
bp
electrolytes
diff chemicals
thoughts, feelings, vision and smell
decides which H to use and which aren’t needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the diff types of endocrine gland and tissues

A

pituitary
adrenal
thyroid
parathyroid
islets of Langerhans
ovaries
testes
placenta
duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the diff types of endocrine glands

A

pituitary
adrenal
thyroid
parathyroid
ovaries
testes
duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 6 H secreted by the ant pituitary

A

GH
adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
thyroid-stimulating H
follicle-stimulating H
luteinizing H
prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which part of the pituitary is smaller and controlled primarily by other H

A

ant pit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what part of the pit comes from skin stem cells and nervous tissue stem cells

A

skin stem cells: ant pit
nervous tissue stem cells: post pit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which lobe of the pit is primarily under neuronal control

A

post pit (R lobe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the H secreted by the post pit

A

antidiuretic H (vasopressant): controls bp in kidney
oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how many glands are part of the adrenal and where are they located

A

2 glands each on top of the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

1 adrenal gland is divided into what parts and where are they located

A

cortex (superficial or external) and medulla (deep or internal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what part of 1 adrenal gland is under H control and which is under neural control
the cortex is H control medulla is neural control
26
what 2 catecholamine H are secreted by the medulla and to what sys is it directly connected to
adrenaline (major secretion) noradrenaline (minor secretion) directly connected to the sympathethic ns
27
where is the thyroid gland located
up in the sternal and mediastinal area of the thorax and is situated above the thymus which sits on top of the heart
28
what 3 H are secreted by the thyroid gland
thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3) calcitonin (produced in thyroid gland but goes elesewhere)
29
the parathyroid gland has how many glands and they are located where
4 located in the thyroid gland
30
what H is secreted by the parathyroid gland
parathyroid H (parathormone)
31
where are the islets of Langerhans located and what H do they secrete and what are they considered as
in the pancreas and secrete insulin and glucagon endocrine tissue not gland
32
what do the ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone
33
what do the testes produce
testosterone
34
what is the placenta considered as and what H does it make and what process are they involved in
endocrine tissue it makes: human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, progesterone, somatomammotropin embryogenesis
35
what do the brunner's gland do and what are they a part of
secretin H signals to the pancreas and coordinates digestion the duodenum contains brunner'S gland
36
is the brown adipose tissue an endocrine gland or tissue and what does it do
no bc it doesn't secrete H it receives H input to help regulate body temp
37
what are local H and give examples
primarily have specific local effects on specific tissues (not based on where they come from but where they have their effect) -secretin -cholecystokinin -adrenocorticotropin
38
where is secretin released from and what does it do
released from the duodenum wall and is transported in blood to pancreas causing secretions for digestion
39
where is cholecystokinin released from and what does it do
released in small intestine and transported to gallbladder to cause gallbladder contractions and to pancreas to cause secretion of digestive enzymes
40
where is the adrenocorticotropin H released from
the ant pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete adrenocortical H
41
what are general H and give examples
general H can be effective on many parts of the body and cause many reactions -epi and norepi -GH -thyroid H (T3 and T4)
42
epi and norepi are secreted by what, cause constriction of what and has effects on what
-secreted by adrenal medulla under sympathetic stimulation, secreted by sympathetic n. -cause constriction of blood vessels and increase arterial pressure -has effects on most organs and tissues of the body
43
GH is released from what and causes what
ant pituitary causes growth in all parts of the body
44
T3 and T4 are released from where and increase what
released from thyroid gland and increase chemical rx rate in almost all body cells that have a mitochondria
45
What does the chemical classification of H help us understand
how the H is produced and how it works on the body
46
what is cholesterol
a part of our cell mem because it is hydrophobic and lipophilic
47
what are steroid based H built from and why are they called like this
cholesterol because testosterone is built from cholesterol and many anabolic steroids are made from testosterone
48
what can the adrenal cortex turn the cholesterol into and what can the placenta and ovaries turn cholesterol into
into many H such as cortisol and aldosterone into estrogen
49
t/f our body needs cholesterol to make H
true
50
the steroid based H tend to cross what to get directly to where
tend to cross the plasma mem and get directly to the inside of the cell (cytoplasm or nucleus) bc the receptors for steroid based H are usually found within the cell nucleus or cytoplasm
51
what is the mechanism of steroid H pathway
1- steroid H enter cytoplasm of cell 2-binds with receptors(in some cases, the receptors are found within the nucleus not the cytoplasm) 3- diffuse or transported into nucleus 4-bind to and activate DNA strands 5- initiate transcription process of genes to form RNA messenger 6- RNA goes into cytoplasm thru nuclear pore complex 7- promote functions inside the cells
52
what is tyrosine
important amino acid to make proteins but it can also be turned into several diff H (thyroid gland can turn tyrosine into thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) ) (adrenal medulla can turn tyrosine into epi& norepi)
53
how does the thyroid gland use tyrosine to make H and why is it different than others
it adds iodine mol to tyrosine which makes T3 and T4 hydrophobic and lipophilic because it makes their receptors be inside the cells
54
how does the adrenal gland use tyrosine
it hydroxylates tyrosine to make it hydrophilic and lipophobic
55
what is the pathway for thyroid H
1- binds w receptor in cell nucleus (in some cases, the receptors are found within the nucleus not the cytoplasm) 2-bind and activate RNA 3-initiate transcriptions of specific genes to form RNA messenger 4- RNA goes into cytoplasm thru nuclear pore complex 5- new proteins (enzymes) are formed and become the controller to promote metabolic activities in all cells of body
56
what is the pathway for substances that interact w receptors on the surface of the cell mem
1- bind w receptors on the cell mem 2-cause conformational change of proteins structures of the receptor 3-open or close channels for ions (Na or K) (change of meme permeability) 4- change of cell mem potential 5-cause cell excitation or inhibition
57
what H have receptors on the surface of the cell mem
epi nor epi and acetylcholine (bc they can't enter since they are lipophobic and hydrophilic)
58
what is the diff btw a prot and a peptides
a prot is a long chain of amino acids that fold up unto an organized blob a peptides is a shorter version (<20 aa) that doesn't flod into a blob
59
what are examples of prot based H and what are their characteristics
ant pituitary H post pituitary H insulin and glucagon parathormone they are hydrophobic and lipophilic so they use receptors on the surface of cell mem
60
what is the pathway for prot based H
1-prot based H bind to receptors on mem (protrudes to ext of cell) 2-structure change in receptor 3-receptor becomes activated enzyme: adenyl cyclase 4-activate the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) 5- second messenger activates a cascade of enzymes 6-causes powerful effects on cells

exci 360 endocrinology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions