1: INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
posses the complete set of mature highly
functional organelles similar to human cell
A
eukaryotic
2
Q
require oxygen in order for them to grow and
survive however temporarily they are able to survive
in an environment with limited or no oxygen
A
facultative anaerobic/strictly aerobic
3
Q
able to absorb nutrients in the form of
organic and inorganic chemicals from their
environment
A
chemotropic
4
Q
cannot produce food via photosynthesis
A
achlorophyllous
5
Q
structure important in absorbing sunlight in the
process of photosynthesis
A
chlorophyll
6
Q
pH conc of fungal organisms
A
acidic pH 5-6
7
Q
- favors fungal growth
A
high sugar conc.
8
Q
Largest group of fungi; fruiting bodies that feast on they diseased remains of almost all organisms
A
Saprophytes
9
Q
Found in blue cheese
A
Fungus penicillium
10
Q
Found in beer, wine, beverages or liquor
A
Saccharomyces
11
Q
Fermentation byproduct = makes dough rise
A
Carbon dioxide
12
Q
Fungal organism source for penicillin
A
Penicillium notatum
13
Q
Penicillium notatum accidentally discovered by ?
A
Alexander Fleming
14
Q
an immunosuppressant drug which is widely used in organ transplantation to prevent rejection
A
Cyclosporine
15
Q
Fungi involved in organ transplntation rejection
A
Tolypocladium inflatium
16
Q
Causes blights on leaves, rusts on plants, black spots in mangoes
A
Phytopathogen
17
Q
cause different types of disease such as mycosis, toxicosis, and allergies; Seen in skin
A
Mycoses
18
Q
Morphologic classification of fungi
A
Yeast
Mold
Dimorphic
19
Q
6 Fungal characteristics
A
Eukaryotic
Facultative aerobic/strict aerobic
Chemotropic
Achlorophyllous
pH 5-6
High sugar concentration favors growth
20
Q
A small group of fungal elements that are able to express themselves as both yeast and mold
A
Dimorphic
21
Q
Yeast reproduction process
A
Budding
22
Q
Unicellular fungi which reproduce asexually
A
Yeast
23
Q
a type of asexual reproduction in which
daughter individual is formed from a small projection, the bud, arising on the parent body
A
Budding
24
Q
arise as small cytoplasmic outgrowth from parents cell and then followed by division of nucleus
A
Yeast bud
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Types of bud
Blastospore
Blastoconidia
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Macroscopic: colors of yeast
Pink, orange, yellow, green
27
a constriction develops that would clip off the daughter cell scarring at constriction point in the surface of the mother cell; hyphal-like structure
Pseudohyphae
28
Monomorphic yeast: 48-72 hours of colony cultivation
Candida albicans
29
Fastidious type of candida; an actual negative staining
Cryptococcus neoformans
30
Monomorphic yeast
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Geotrichum candidum
31
Multicellular fungal elements
Mold
32
Basic structure of mold ; Produced from germination of spores
Hypha (2-10 um)
33
From branching of many hyphae
Mycelia
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2 types of mycelia
Vegetative/Thallus
Reproductive/Aerial
35
mycelium that is submerged or
embedded on the culture media
Vegetative/Thallus
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MICROSCOPIC DETAILS OF MOLDS
EXISTENCE OF SEPTA
HYPHAL PIGMENTATION
HYPHAL SHAPES
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possesses hyphae
Septate hyphae
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do not have cross walls
Coenocytic hyphae
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dark and pigmented hyphae
Dematiaceous hyphae
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non-pigmented hyphae
Hyaline hyphae
41
5 Hyphal shapes
Spiral hyphae
Pectinate body
Flavic Chandelier (Antler hyphae)
Nodular organ
Racquet hyphae
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Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Spiral hyphae
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Microsporum audouinii
Pectinate Body
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Trichopheton schoenleini
Antler hyphae
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Microsporum canis
Nodular organ
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Epidermophyton floccosum
Racquet hyphae
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enlargement in the mycelium that consist of closely twisted hyphae
Nodular organ
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swollen part of one hyphae and on the other part the hyphae is tapering
Racquet hyphae
49
3 TYPES OF HYPHAE IN MEDICALLY IMPORTANT FUNGI
Coenocytic
Dematiaceous fungi
Hyaline molds
50
Monomorphic Mold
MET
Microsporum
Epidermophyton
Trichophyton
51
DIMORPHIC FUNGI: Mold form
25C-30C
52
DIMORPHIC FUNGI: Yeast form
35C-37C
53
Group of pathogenic fungi that are able to express themselves as yeast and mold
Thermal dimorphism
54
Dimorphic fungi: subcutaneous
Sporothrix schenkii
55
Dimorphic fungii: opportunistic
Penicillium marneffei
56
Function of capsule
Antiphagocytic factor
57
functions to provide shape, rigidity, and strength, as well as protection from osmotic shock and mediates attachment of the organism
Cell wall
58
poorly degraded by host cells. It activates complement fixation, provoke inflammatory reactions, and induce immune hypersensitivity
Polysaccharides
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Polymer: Chitin; Monomer ?
N-acetyl glucosamine
60
Monomer: D-Glucosamine; polymer ?
Chitosan
61
Monomer: D-Glucose; Polymers: ?
Cellulose
a-Glucan
B-Glucan
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monomer: D-Mannose; polymer ?
Mannan
63
functions to protect cytoplasm, to regulate intake and secretion of solutes as well as to facilitate capsule and cell wall synthesis
Cellular membrane
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2 tye of phospholipids
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
65
Cellular membrane: bilayered structure
Phospholipids
Sterols
66
2 types Sterols
Ergosterol
Zymosterol
67
Phases of Sexual Reproduction
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis
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Fusion of opposite but compatible mating type producing the dikaryon
Plasmogamy
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Fusion of 2 nuclei from dikaryon to form a DIPLOID nucleus that contains 2 sets of chromosomes
Karyogamy
70
Meiosis produces
4 haploid spores
71
Produced in the process of sexual reproduction
Sexual spores
72
Types of sexual spores
Zygospore
Ascospore
Basidiospore
73
Zygospore is commonly seen to be produced by
Rhizopus
Mucor
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Zygospore: fusion of (-) and (+) mating type produces ?
Gametangia
75
Ascospore is produced in an
Ascus
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Ascospore can contain ? spores per ascus
four to eight (usually eight)
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Ascospore is housed in a structure called ?
Ascocarp
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Formed externally on a base pedestal; Typical in mushrooms
Basidiospore
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Basidiospore base pedestal is called
Basidium
80
Each basidium has ? Basidiospore at the end
4
81
Hypha multiplies by
Fragmentation
82
From the mycelium, a specialized hyphae will be
produced which will grow erectly and out into the
surface called
conidiaphore or sporangiophore
83
tip of conidiaphore or sporangiaphore is the ?; houses the spores/conidia
Sporangia
84
Individuals produced by ASEXUAL reproduction are genetically ? To parent
Identical
85
Principal structure that holds the asexual spores
Fruiting body
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spore sprouts a hypha then extends and branches out to produce a meshwork called
Mycelia
87
SPORE DISPERSION: Most common disturbed dispersal factor
Wind
Rain
Physical dispersal
88
Produced in a chain at the end of a conidiophore
CONIDIOSPORE/CONIDIA
89
process by which asexual spores are produced are called
Conidiogenesis
90
2 process of Conidiogenesis
Thallic Conidiogenesis
Blastic Conidiogenesis
91
(asexual) Spores developed by septation or fragmentation of a hypha; ALL layers of hyphal wall are involved
Thallic Conidiogenesis
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Elements of the hypha become converted into conidia; The separation of the conidia from one another would be due to the breakdown of the middle region of each septum
Arthrocondia
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Each fragment is rounded off and liberated in succession
Arthrocondia
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Commonly seen in or produced by Candida albicans; Can be formed at the pseudohyphae (tip) or at the intercalary position (periphery)
Chlamydospore
95
The spore is already evident before it separates from the conidia hypha
BLASTIC CONIDIOGENESIS
96
Formed by budding of hypha or yeast cells; All wall layers are involved
Blastospores (HOLOBLASTIC)
97
spore emerges through a distinct pore in the hyphal wall; Only the inner wall of the mother cell participates in the production of the daughter cell
Porospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)
98
Porospores is also called ?
Tretic or Poroconidia
99
Usually leaves a scar at the point of detachment
Porospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)
100
Able to develop at the scar itself; May produce a chain of spores
Annellospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)
101
Ring-like scars
annellations
102
Forms in succession; Each spore is pushed up from the end of the conidiophore
Phialospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)
103
tip of the conidiophore where spores are produced
Phialide
104
Seen on the first spore
Cap
105
SPECIAL STRUCTURES FOR REPRODUCTION
Conidiophore
Sporangiophore
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specialized hyphae that grows erect which are the spores or the conidiophore; tip of the conidiophore ends in a vesicle
Aspergillus sp
107
The end of the conidiophore branches out to form the metula
Penicillium sp.
108
structure where the conidia is released
Phialids
109
a bag or sac-like structure that encases the conidia
Sporangiophore
110
Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -mycetes
Class
111
Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -mycota
Phylum
112
Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -ales
Order
113
Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -ceae
Family
114
Fungal-like organisms are grouped into
Mycota
Straminipila
Slime moulds
115
they are parasites of algae and animals or they can live on organic debris; They are mostly saprophytic fungal elements
Chytrids
116
Newly established phylum of about 230 species that live in close association with the roots of trees and plants.
Glomeromycota
117
environmentally significant members of the fungal family that have not been associated with human infections.
Chytridiomycota
Glomeromycota
118
Representative fungal element or Bread Mol
Rhizopus stolonifer
119
sporangium fungi / common molds
Zygomycota
120
sac fungi; Able to undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction even buds
Ascomycota
121
PROCESS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
(1) Hypha produces CONIDIOPHORE
(2) CONIDIA are released from conidiophore
(3) Conidium germinates to produce HYPHAE
(4) Vegetative mycelium grows.
122
PROCESS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
(5) Plasmogamy
(6) Karyogamy
(7) Meisosis then mitosis
(8) Ascus opens to release ascospores.
123
known as “club fungi”
BASIDIOMYCOTA
124
MUSHROOM
BASIDIOMYCOTA
125
Parts of a mushroom: where basidia can be found; the structure that connects the basidiospores
Gills
126
protects the immature mushroom
Volva
127
Mushroom entire structure is called the ?
Basidiocarp
128
largest covering; protects the gills
Cap
129
may or may not contain the annulus
Stipe
130
Parts of mushroom: like a dress
Annulus
131
usually reproduce sexually (underground mating), reproduce asexually rarely.
Basidiomycete
132
Ascospores are formed by ?
Mitosis
133
Basidiospores are formed by ?
Meiosis
134
“Imperfect fungi” or mitosporic fungi; organisms that are only known to undergo asexual reproduction.
DEUTEROMYCOTA
