1- Investigation and management of the juvenile lame animal

Question 1

T/F cats rarely suffer from specific juvenile disease

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What juvenile disease are rottweilers predisposed to

Answer 2

medial coronoid disease

Question 3

What juvenile disease are border collies predisposed to

Answer 3

shoulder OCD

Question 4

What is Perthes disease also known as

Answer 4

Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head

Question 5

which breeds are predisposed to perthes dsease

Answer 5

The toy and small dog <6 months old.

Question 6

List 3 clinical signs of Perthe’s disease

Answer 6

Often marked muscle atrophy (particularly the gluteal muscles)
Considerable pain on extension of the hips
Crepitus on manipulation of hips

Question 7

List 4 radiographic findings of Perthes disease

Answer 7

Mottled appearance to femoral neck and head due to areas of lucency

A misshapen and often triangular shape to femoral head

Secondary osteoarthritic changes

Loss of muscle mass

Question 8

Describe conservative management of Perthe’s disease

Answer 8

NSAIDs, neutraceutrical - pain management
physioltherapy
rarely successful

Question 9

Describe the surgical management of Perthes disease

Answer 9

Femoral head and neck excision
OR
Total hip replacement

Question 10

What is the prognosis of Perthes disease

Answer 10

After surgery - small dogs manage well on three legs therefore rehab with analgesia

Question 11

At what age does Metaphyseal osteopathy tend to occur

Answer 11

<6 months

Question 12

how do animals with Metaphyseal osteopathy tend to appear

Answer 12

Severe and excruciating painful swelling to the metaphyseal region of all limbs
Pyrexic and systemically unwell

Question 13

List 4 clinical signs of Metaphyseal osteopathy

Answer 13

unable to walk
pyrexic and inappetant
Painful swellings to the distal limbs particularly the radius ulna and tibia

Associated pitting oedema over the metaphyseal regions

Question 14

List 4 radiographic findings of metaphyseal osteopathy

Answer 14

soft tissue swelling
Ill defined lucency parallel to the physis
Periosteal lifting with mineralisation
The bridging of the physis by the inflammatory change can result in angular limb deformities

Question 15

Decribe how to treat metaphyseal osteopathy

Answer 15

hospitalisation
Multi-modal analgesia including opiates and constant rate infusions
Corticosteroids
IV fluids
tube feeding if inappetant

Question 16

what is the prognosis of metaphyseal osteopathy

Answer 16

good to fair
these dogs prone to further autoimmune diseases

Question 17

What causes metaphyseal osteopathy

Answer 17

unknown aetiology

Question 18

what is the most common joint affected by septic arthritis

Answer 18

elbow

Question 19

what can polyarthritis follow in the cat

Answer 19

can occur with calici virus infection

Question 20

describe the signalment of Craniomandibular osteopathy

Answer 20

small terriers
<6 months

Question 21

describe Craniomandibular osteopathy-

Answer 21

painful condition of the mandible and occasionally long bones
soft tissue swelling and oedema to jaw
Systemically unwell and pyrexic
With chronicity becomes progressively difficult to open the mouth

Question 22

List a radiographic findings seen with Craniomandibular osteopathy

Answer 22

Characteristic palisading (battlement-like) new bone to the mandible
The temporomandibular joint may be involved
Similar changes seen in the long bones

Question 23

Describe how to treat craniomandibular osteopathy

Answer 23

analgesia- NSAD
corticosteroids
fluids and enteral support

Question 24

What is the prognosis of craniomandibular osteopathy

Answer 24

This can be guarded as cases are difficult to manage and distressing for dog and owner

Long term sequelae are not uncommon including reduced opening of the mouth
making eating and subsequent endotracheal intubation difficult

Question 25

describe the signalment of panosteitis

Answer 25

Seen in the young dog less than one year of age GSD and males are over represented

Question 26

List the clinical signs of panosteitis

Answer 26

Often the dog is depressed and can be pyrexic Lameness can be severe and the dog may not weight bear Pain on palpation of the diaphysis

Question 27

List the radiographic signs of panosteitis

Answer 27

Loss of normal trabecula pattern particularly around the nutrient foramen Endosteal and periosteal new bone Can sometimes take a while for radiographic signs to occur- radiograph 2 weeks after signs

Question 28

Describe how to treat panosteitis

Answer 28

rest and analgesia Advise the owner that this is an episodic condition usually lasting a week and is self limiting

Question 29

what is the prognosis of panosteitis

Answer 29

excellent The episodes of acute lameness will become less severe and less frequent Most cases have resolved by the time the dog is 1 year old

Question 30

what causes rickets

Answer 30

lack of vitamin D

Question 31

what occurs in rickets

Answer 31

The growth plates are widened due to poor or delayed mineralisation of the cartilage

Question 32

what is the treatment of rickets

Answer 32

provision of a balanced diet containing adequate amounts of vitamin D and exposure to sunlight

Question 33

what can rickets look like

Answer 33

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (which is way more common than rickets)

Question 34

Decsribe how to treat pituitary dwartfism

Answer 34

Treatment is with cortisol, thyroxine and progestogens life expectancy reduced - but can last

Question 35

How to angular limb deformities occur

Answer 35

They occur in the young growing animal when one of two or part of a growth plate closes prematurely This arises from either trauma or bridging with periosteal bone

Question 36

Define valgus abgular limb deformities

Answer 36

Valgus is a lateral deviation of the distal limb

Question 37

what is a varus limb deformitiy

Answer 37

Varus is medial deviation of the distal limb

Question 38

what is a femoral head and neck osteotomy

Answer 38

remove the entirety of the femoral head and neck

Question 39

why should you always take post op radiographs after a femoral head and neck excision

Answer 39

to ensure you have removed enough of the femoral neck

Question 40

what does angular limb deformity treatment depend on

Answer 40

whether the limb is still growing or not

Question 41

what is the angular limb deformity CORA

Answer 41

centre of rotation of angulation - determines the place where corrective treatment should be performed

Question 42

List 2 ways to fix angular limb deformities

Answer 42

closed wedge osteotomy- wedge is removed OR lateral open wedge osteotomy- wedge is added