1 Life processes

Question 1

What life processes take place in living things?

Answer 1

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity

Control

Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

Question 2

What does an animal cell consist of?

Answer 2

Nucleus, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm

Question 3

What does a plant cell consist of?

Answer 3

Cell wall, cell membrane, vacuole, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and nucleus

Question 4

What do plant cells consist that animal cells do not?

Answer 4

Cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplasts

Question 5

What does the nucleus do?

Answer 5

Controls the activities of the cell, contains chromosomes which carry the genetic material

Question 6

What do enzymes control?

Answer 6

The chemical reactions that take place in the cytoplasm

Question 7

What does the cell membrane do?

Answer 7

It is a thin ‘skin-like’ layer on the surface of the cell, forms a boundary between the cytoplasm of the cell and the outside

Question 8

What do we say the membrane is and why?

Answer 8

Partially permeable, because it is not a complete barrier

Question 9

What does the mitochondria do?

Answer 9

Carry out some of the reactions of respiration, releasing energy that a cell can use

Question 10

What is the cell wall (plant only)?

Answer 10

Is a layer of non-living material found outside the cell membrane of plant cells

Question 11

What is the cell wall made out of?

Answer 11

Cellulose - a carbohydrate

Question 12

What does the cell wall do?

Answer 12

Helps the cell keep its shape

Question 13

What is a vacuole made out of?

Answer 13

Filled with a watery liquid called cell sap - a store of dissolved sugars, mineral ions, and other solutes

Question 14

What do chloroplasts do?

Answer 14

They absorb light energy to make food in the process of photosynthesis

Question 15

What do chloroplasts contain?

Answer 15

Chlorophyll - a green pigment

Question 16

What is an enzyme?

Answer 16

A biological catalyst

Question 17

What would happen in our body without catalysts?

Answer 17

Reactions would be too slow, life would not be able to go on

Question 18

What is the lock an key model? (enzymes)

Answer 18

When an enzyme only fits into a substrate of a specific shape, when it is denatured, the active site does not fit with the substrate

Question 19

How can you increase the rate of reaction?

Answer 19

By raising the concentration of the enzyme or substrate

Question 20

Why do higher temperatures increase the rate of reaction?

Answer 20

Higher temperatures give the molecules of the enzyme and substrate more kinetic energy, more collisions

Question 21

What happens to an enzyme above the optimum temperature?

Answer 21

It gets denatured

Question 22

What happens to an enzyme before and after the optimum pH?

Answer 22

Denatured

Question 23

At which pH does an enzyme work best at?

Answer 23

7

Question 24

What is the reaction for aerobic respiration?

Answer 24

Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

Question 25

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 25

C6H12O6 + 6O^2 --> 6CO^2 + 6H^2O

Question 26

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 26

Respiration that requires oxygen

Question 27

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 27

Respiration that does not require oxygen

Question 28

Why is there less energy released in anaerobic respiration?

Answer 28

Because glucose is not completely broken down, so less energy is released

Question 29

Two examples where anaerobic respiration occurs?

Answer 29

Yeast and muscle cells

Question 30

Anaerobic respiration equation?

Answer 30

Glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 31

What happens to lactate after exercise?

Answer 31

It is aerobically respired in the mitochondria

Question 32

What is oxygen debt?

Answer 32

The volume of oxygen needed to completely oxidise the lactate that builds up in the body during anaerobic respiration?

Question 33

What is diffusion?

Answer 33

The net movement of particles from an era of where they have a high concentration to a low concentration

Question 34

What is the rate of diffusion affected by? (4 factors)

Answer 34

- The concentration gradient - happens more quickly when the concentration gradient is steeper - The SA:V ratio (a larger surface area in proportion to the volume will increase the rate) - The distance - The temperature - greater rate at higher temperatures

Question 35

What is active transport?

Answer 35

The movement of substances from an area of which they are at low concentration to an area of high concentration (against a concentration gradient)

Question 36

What is osmosis?

Answer 36

The net movement of water particles from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across the partially permeable cell membrane

Question 37

What does adaptation mean?

Answer 37

That the structure of a cell or organism is related to its function

Question 38

What are carbohydrates stored as?

Answer 38

Starch

Question 39

What are sugars stored as?

Answer 39

Sucrose

Question 40

What are carbohydrates stored as? (in animal cells)

Answer 40

Glycogen

Question 41

What are fungi?

Answer 41

Mushrooms, toadstools, moulds and yeasts

Question 42

Which fungi are multicellular?

Answer 42

Mushrooms, toadstools and moulds

Question 43

Which fungi is unicellular?

Answer 43

Yeasts

Question 44

Why can fungi not photosynthesize?

Answer 44

Because they do not contain chloroplasts, they have cell walls but they are not composed of cellulose

Question 45

What is fungi's cell wall made out of?

Answer 45

Chitin

Question 46

What is saprotrophic nutrition?

Answer 46

When an organism feeds on dead organic material, by enzymes secreted out of cells

Question 47

What are protoctists?

Answer 47

A mixed group of organisms that don't fit into the plants animal or fungi

Question 48

What are algae?

Answer 48

The protoctists that are most plant cell like

Question 49

What are protozoa?

Answer 49

The protoctists that are most animal cell like

Question 50

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 50

A cell that has a nucleus

Question 51

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 51

A cell 'before nucleus' - bacteria

Question 52

What are bacterial cell walls made out of?

Answer 52

Peptidoglycan

Question 53

What do bacteria have instead of a nucleus?

Answer 53

Nothing, the DNA is loose in the cytoplasm, which forms a circular loop

Question 54

What are the different bacterial shapes?

Answer 54

Spheres Rods Spirals

Question 55

What is a pathogen?

Answer 55

An organism that causes disease

Question 56

What are viruses made up of?

Answer 56

It is a particle - made up of a core genetic material surrounded by a protein coat

Question 57

Do viruses carry out the characteristics of living organisms

Answer 57

No, only reproduction

Question 58

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 58

By entering the host cell and taking over its genetic machinery to make more virus particles

Question 59

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

Answer 59

Something that affects plants, interfering with the tobacco plants to make chloroplasts