1. Microbial metabolism Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Define metabolism
A
All chemical and physical workings of the cell
2
Q
Define anabolism
A
assembles smaller molecules into larger macromolecules needed for the cell
3
Q
Define catabolism
A
Degrades macromolecules into smaller molecules and yields energy
4
Q
What are the two processes of metabolism?
A
anabolism and catabolism
5
Q
What are the six basic elements needed for life?
A
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
6
Q
What are the six macromolecules that make up the cell?
A
protein, lipid, DNA, RNA, polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide
7
Q
What are the ways that cells transport nutrients into the cell?
A
passive and active transport
8
Q
Define passive transport
A
molecules moving from a higher to lower concentration with the concentration gradient
9
Q
What are the three types of passive transport?
A
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
10
Q
What is facilitated diffusion?
A
diffusion using a transporter
11
Q
What are the two types of facilitated diffusion?
A
nonspecific and specific
12
Q
Is passive transport regulated?
A
yes
13
Q
What is active transport?
A
Transportation against the concentration gradient
14
Q
What is the main difference between active and passive transport?
A
active uses energy
15
Q
What type of energy does active transport use?
A
PMF or ATP
16
Q
What are the three types of active transport transporters?
A
simple transport, group translocation and ABC system transport
17
Q
Define simple transport
A
transport driven by proton motive force
18
Q
What are the two types of simple transport?
A
using a symport or antiport
19
Q
What is a symport?
A
solute and H+ are co transported in one direction
20
Q
What is an antiport?
A
solute and H+ are transported in opposite directions
21
Q
Define group translocation
A
the transported substance is chemically modified
22
Q
What drives group translocation?
A
energy rich organic compounds
23
Q
What is an ABC transporter?
A
ATP is used to bind periplasmic proteins to transported substance
24
Q
How many different systems have been found in prokaryotes using ABC transport?
A
200+
25
What two proteins are required in ABC transport?
transmembrane and ATP hydrolyzing proteins
26
What are the four critical components a cell uses once resources are inside it?
electron or hydrogen carriers, energy rich compounds, enzymes, and substrates
27
How do electron carriers work in the cell?
NAD+ and NADH perform redox reactions without being consumed
28
What is the intermediary electron carriers use?
coenzymes
29
What do electron carriers allow in the cell to happen?
many different donors and acceptors to interact
30
What happens when energy rich compounds' bonds break?
release energy
31
What is the structure of enzymes?
protein and non-protein
32
What is the function of enzymes?
increase reaction rate by lowering the activation energy
33
What is the role enzymes play in the cell?
oxidation
34
Define oxidation
movement of electrons
35
What makes up the metabolic pathways of the cell?
enzyme activity
36
What are the two ways enzymes are regulated by the cell?
change in the enzyme number or change in the enzyme itself
37
How are the number of enzymes expressed regulated?
repressed or induced
38
Define competitive inhibition
a normal and a similar substrate compete for the active site on the enzyme
39
What happens if the competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme?
reaction is blocked because the competitive inhibitor isn't able to become a product
40
Define noncompetitive inhibition
a regulatory molecule binds to the regulatory site on an enzyme changing the shape of the active site and preventing the regulatory molecule from binding
41
What are the two ways enzymes can be changed?
competitive and noncompetitive inhibition
42
What are the common catabolic pathways?
glycolysis, Kreb's cycle and electron transport chain
43
What catabolic pathways is substrate level phosphorylation?
glycolysis
44
Define substrate level phosphorylation
energy rich phosphate bond from organic compound is transferred to ADP making ATP
45
What happens in glycoslysis?
incomplete oxidation of glucose
46
What pathways use glycolysis?
fermentation and respiration
47
What is the formula for glycolysis?
glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ = 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH
48
When does the Kreb's cycle occur?
when fermentation doesn't
49
What happens in the Kreb's cycle?
glucose is fully oxidized and broken down into single carbon molecules
50
What is an example of substrate level phosphorylation in the Kreb's cycle?
2 ATP being produced
51
What is the importance of the electron carriers in the Kreb's cycle?
generating ATP
52
What is the formula for the Kreb's cycle?
2 Acetyle CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FADH+ = 2 ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 4 Co2
53
What part of the cell does the electron transport chain occur in?
membrane
54
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
transfer of electrons to generate ATP
55
What catabolitic pathway uses oxidative phosphorylation?
ETC
56
How can the ETC become aerobic?
if the terminal electron acceptor is oxygen
57
How can the ETC become anaerobic?
if sulfate, nitrate, carbon dioxide, ferric iron, or carbonate is the final electron acceptor
58
What is the formula for the electron transport chain?
10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + O2 = 34 ATP + H2O + 10NAD+ 2 FADH+
59
Define photophosphorylation
light mediated ATP synthesis
60
Define fermentaiton
anaerobic catabolism in which organic compounds donate and accept electrons
61
Define respiration
aerobic or anaerobic catabolism in which a donor is oxidized with O2 as an electron acceptor
62
What is the purpose of fermentation?
recycles electron carrier so glycolysis can keep going
63
What products of fermentation have purpose to the cell?
NAD+
64
What is the formula for fermentation?
2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH = 2NAD+ + (2 organic acid) or (2 alcohol + Co2)
65
How does the Kreb's cycle vary between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
change in electron carriers produced
66
Do facultative organisms do respiration or fermentation?
both
67
Why do facultative organisms switch between respiration and fermentation?
energetic benefit and electron acceptor availability
68
How many ATP are generated during aerobic respiration?
38
69
How many ATP are produce during fermentation?
2
70
How fast can fermentative bacteria grow?
equally as fast as respirating bacteria
71
Define chemolithotroph
uses inorganic chemicals as electron donors
72
Describe the process of chemolithorophy
oxidation of inorganic electron source, ETC generates PMF, ATP is generataed
73
Is chemolithotroph aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
74
What is oxygenic photophosphorylation?
water and light energy go in and oxygen comes out
75
What type of organism does oxygenic photophosphorylation occur in?
plants, algae, cyanobacteria
76
What are the types of light pigments in oxygenic photophosphorylation?
chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycobilins
77
How is anoxygenic photophosphorylation different than oxygenic photophosphorylation?
no oxygen is produced
78
What bacteria use anoxygenic photophosphorylation?
green and purple
79
What is chlorophyll replaced with in anoxygenic photophosphorylation?
bacteriochlorophyll
80
What is the proton motive force?
provides direct power
81
What two things use PMF?
flagella and simple active transport
82
What does the proton motive force do?
use ATP to push hydrogens outside of the membrane
83
Where does the ETC take place in prokaryotes?
plasma membrane
84
Where does the ETC and Kreb's cycle take place in eukaryotes?
inner mitochondrial membrane
85
Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes?
outside the mitochondria
86
Where does photosynthesis take place in plant algae?
chloroplast
87
Where does photosynthesis take place in cyanobacteria?
cytoplasmic membrane
88
What are the two ways monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, nitrogen bases, and vitamins come into the cell?
from the outside in the form of nutrients
sythesized through cellular pathways
89
How is carbohydrate biosynthesis used?
alternative pathways
90
How are amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids sythesized?
some can make them on their own but others aquire them from their diets
91
What is a chemoorganotroph?
conserve energy from organic chemicals
92
What is a chemolithotroph?
oxidize inorganic compounds
93
What is a phototroph?
convert light energy into ATP
94
What are heterotrophs?
obtain carbon from organic sources
95
What are autotrophs?
obtain carbon from Co2
96
Define amphibolism
the property of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency
97
What two cycles use amphibolism?
glycolysis and Kreb's cycle
98
What is ethanol fermentation important for?
alcohol and bread
99
What color pigment are carotenoids?
yellow, orange, red
100
What color pigment is chlorophyll?
green
101
What color pigment is phycobilins?
red, blue-green
102
What are the four major classes of electron carriers used?
cytochromes, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, and quinones
103
What is an organic compounds?
made from carbon
104
Why is lactic fermentation good for?
making of yogurt and cheese
105
What is a lithotroph
uses inorganic molecules for energy
106
What is the purpose of mixed acid fermentaiotn?
used to make vaccines and vitamins
107
What is nitrogen fixation?
conversion of organic nitrogen into nitrogen gas
108
Anabolic pathways use energy created from what?
catabolic pathways
109
What are the two strategies of carbon sources?
autotroph and heterotroph
110
What are the three stragesies of energy source?
organotroph, phototroph, lithotroph
111
What is an organotroph/chemotroph?
use organic molecules as their electron donor
112
WHat are the two strageties for electron acceptors?
aerobic and anerobic
113
How does an aerobic organism get its electron acceptor?
through oxygen
114
How does an anaerobic organism get its electron acceptor?
something other than oxygen
