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[1] microscope Flashcards

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1
Q

the microscope

A

A magnifying glass used to magnify an object to a point where it can be seen by the human eye.

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2
Q

what is Microscopy?

A

the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an instrument.

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3
Q

Microscopic means?

A

invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

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4
Q

history of microscope

14th century

A

The art of grinding lenses is developed in Italy and spectacles are made to improve eyesight.

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5
Q

history of microscope

1590

A

Dutch lens grinders Hans and Zacharias Janssen made the first microscope by placing two lenses in a tube

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6
Q

1667

cork

A

Robert Hooke studied various objects with his microscope and published his results in Micrographia. Among his work was a description of cork and its ability to float in water.

a cork has hollow areas which is why it floats

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7
Q

1675

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Father of Microscopy) used a simple microscope with only one lens to look at blood, insects, and many other objects. He was first to describe cells and bacteria, seen through his very small microscope with, for his time, extremely good lenses.

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8
Q

18th century

A

Several technical innovations make microscopes better and easier to handle, which leads to microscopy becoming more and more popular among scientists. An important discovery is that lenses combining two types of glass could reduce the chromatic effect,with its disturbing halos resulting from differences in refraction of light.

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9
Q

1830

A

Joseph Jackson Lister reduced the problem with spherical aberration by showing that several weak lenses used together at certain distances gave good magnification without blurring the image.

father of antiseptic surgery

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10
Q

There are three structural parts of the microscope:

A

head, base, arms

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11
Q

Head

A

carries the optical parts in the upper part of the microscope

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12
Q

Base

A
  • acts as the microscope’s support
  • it also carries the microscopic illuminators
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13
Q

Arms

A
  • connects the base to the head and the eyepiece tube to the base of the microscope
  • it gives support to the head and used when carrying the microscope
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14
Q

Eyepiece or oculars

*not ppt-based

A

magnifies the image produced by the microscope’s objective so that it can be seen by the human eye

*not ppt-based

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15
Q

Eyepiece rubbers

A

prevents scratching of lens by the user’s eyeglass or vice versa

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16
Q

Numbers on the eyepiece

A

for differences in eye grading especially for those wearing prescription glasses

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17
Q

Interpupillary control

A

used to adjust the lateral separation of the oculars for everyone

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18
Q

Arm or neck

*not ppt-based

A

Supports the microscope head and attaches it to the base

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19
Q

Revolving nosepiece

A

used to move the objectives around

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20
Q

Knob/screw at the back of the microscope

what happens when u turn it clockwise or counterclockwise?

A
  • Controls the height limit of the stage to prevent breakage of glass slides
  • For example, focus the slide using 40x objective then tighten the screw. Do the same with the other objectives.

  • Clockwise – to tighten the screw
  • Counterclockwise – to loosen the screw
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21
Q

Inner knob before the coarse adjustment knob (also known as?)

what happens when u turn it clockwise or counterclockwise?

A
  • Also known as the coarse tension adjustment knob
  • Prevents the stage from going down and losing focus on the specimen

  • Clockwise - to tighten
  • Counterclockwise – to loose
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22
Q

Numbers on the objectives

A
  • refers to the thickness of the coverslip to be used
  • coverslip to be used must be compatible with the objective to be used for microscopic examination
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23
Q

Aperture

A

a hole on the microscope stage through which the transmitted light from the source reaches the stage

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24
Q

Objectives

*not ppt-based

A

lenses that allow microscopes to provide magnified, real images

*not ppt-based

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25
Mechanical stage | *not ppt-based
holds a slide in place and allows for repositioning (lengthwise and crosswise) | *not ppt-based
26
Stage numbers
* determines the positioning of the cells under the microscope * provides the coordinates or location of important cells
27
Stage clip
to hold the object/specimen slides in place | *not ppt-based
28
Condenser | *not ppt-based
gather light from the microscope's light source and concentrate it into a cone of light that illuminates the specimen | *not ppt-based
29
Condenser numbers
* must be the **same** with the **magnification** of the **objective** for better **viewing of the specimen details** * determine the angle and intensity of light focused onto the specimen
30
Iris Diaphragm | *not ppt-based
* below condenser * adjust the brightness and contrast of the specimen | *not ppt-based
31
Coarse adjustment knob | *not ppt-based
* allows for quick focusing by moving the objective lens or stage up and down * used in scanning and LPO * NEVER use in HPO and OIO | *not ppt-based
32
Fine adjustment knob | *not ppt-based
* help maintain focus as the magnification increases * used in all objectives but mostly HPO and OIO | *not ppt-based
33
Brightness adjustment knob/ Microscopic illuminator | *not ppt-based
controls the voltage supplied to the light bulb, controlling the intensity (brightness) of the light bulb | *not ppt-based
34
Working distance
* Working distance is the distance between the objective and the slide when objective is sharp focus. * The higher the magnification of the objective, the shorter the working distance will be. * Coarse adjustment should not be used when using higher magnifications.
35
Different types of microscopes
* Compound/Upright * Inverted * Stereomicroscope
36
Compound/Upright | used mostly in what section of the lab?
* Objective lens faces downward, and specimens is observed from above * Suitable for observation of **glass slides or prepared slides** * Used for **routine microscopic examinations** | clinical microscopy and microbiology
37
Inverted | used when?
* Objective lens faces upwards, and specimen is observed from below * Used for observation of culture container (stem cells/unstained cells) | only if micro exam uses samples that are grown in culture bottles/plates
38
Stereomicroscope | used for?
* 2 separate light path, enables observation of specimen from **different angles at both eyes** * Allow **3D observation** of sample * Suitable for **animal works and large sample imaging** | parasites
39
Applications of the Microscope
* Bright Field Microscopy * Dark Field Microscopy * Phase Contrast Microscopy * Electron Microscopy -- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) -- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
40
Brightfield Microscopy
* The **simplest** techniques of all the optical microscopy illumination * Specimen’s image appears **dark against a bright background** * Light source is usually **halogen/LCD lamp** * Generally used with compound microscopes
41
Resolving Power | depends on what factors?
* Ability to distinguish between two adjacent points. | Depends on two factors: White light & Numerical aperture
42
White Light
Composed of a **mixture of colored lights** of various **wavelengths**
43
Numerical Aperture
**Expression** relating to the **cone of light** that is delivered to the specimen by the **condenser** and gathered by the **objective**
44
Total Magnification ## Footnote give magnification for each objective
the ocular magnification multiplied by the objective magnification | magnification x ocular lens = total magnification ## Footnote Scanning: 4x X 10x = 40x Low power: 10x X 10x = 100x High power: 40x X 10x = 400x Oil immersion: 100x X 10x = 1000x
45
A factor for getting a good slide | little bonus lol
Good sample = good slide
46
Phase Contrast Microscopy | used for?
* Uses a **special optic system** which converts differences in phases into **differences in intensity** such that some **structures appear darker** than the others * Reveals the **gross details of the internal structures** in a living cell | bacterial spores, kanang ga siga
47
Darkfield Microscopy
* Objects appear **brilliantly illuminated against a black background** * Used to demonstrate **spirochetes** which are **difficult** to observe in **transmitted light**
48
Electron Microscopy
* TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) * SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)
49
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) ## Footnote used to observe what?
* Develops an image resulting from **variable electron density** of the specimen interposed in the electron beam * Produces monotone, **two-dimensional**, high magnified images * Resolving power microscopesis 0.001 um, which is 200X that of light microscopes * Specimens must be fixed, stained, and dried ## Footnote Used to observe internal ultra-structural detail of cells observations of viruses or small bacteria
50
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) ## Footnote used to observe what?
* Has a practical limit of resolution of **0.005um** or five-fold less than that of TEM * Produces monotone, **tri-dimensional** image by detection at a **90 degree angle of secondary electrons** emitted from the **specimen surface** as a result of **bombardment by the primary electron beam** ## Footnote Used to observe the surface details of structures
51
What could (external) cause blurred image? ## Footnote treatment?
Microscope is too close to mechanical appliances or machinery that can cause external vibrations ## Footnote * Remove the microscope from the source of vibration * Use a sturdy table as a support or use a vibration proof table
52
What external cause could prevent correct focusing? ## Footnote treatment?
* microscope is near a window * bright light from the window prevents correct focusing ## Footnote * Set up the microscope near a wall * Position the microscope in such a way that the overhead light falls slightly in front of the microscope
53
What external cause could reproduce room light or flares on the photo? ## Footnote treatment?
microscope is in a place where the room light enters the eyepiece ## Footnote * Cover the eyepiece with caps * Shut out stray light getting into the eyepiece or the focusing telescope by changing the optical path selector
54
Black spots (molds) are reproduced on the specimen image? ## Footnote treatment?
* microscope is in a dusty and dirty room * microscope placed near window where the dust can enter from the outside ## Footnote * Set up the microscope in another room * Cover the whole microscope with a dust proof covering
55
microscope maintenance (8)
1. Treat lenses with great care as they can be easily scratched. Never use anything abrasive. 2. When cleaning lenses, first blow away any dust with a blower brush, then use lens tissue and lens cleaning fluid to clean the objectives and eyepieces. Do not use paper towel or regulartissues, as they will scratch the lens. Do not use other solvents. 3. Do not remove eyepieces or objectives from their location but clean only their external surfaces. 4. Remove immersion oil from the 100x objective immediately after use with lens tissue and lens cleaning fluid. 5. Wipe dust off the body of the microscope with a damp cloth 6. Never attempt to take a microscope apart. This could impairoperation, efficiency, and accuracy. 7. Have the microscope serviced regularly by a professional, as most microscopes require periodic lubricating and minor adjustment of their mechanical parts. 8. Follow your user’s manual for instruction in replacing the bulb.Always allow a bulb to cool before replacing it. When replacing bulbs avoid touching the glass with your hands, use a tissue.Fingerprints can reduce bulb quality and reduce its life.
56
No light (6)
* Power cord is not connected, power switch is off * Wrong bulb is installed * The bulb has burnt out * Light intensity control is turned down too low * Objective is not properly in position * If using the 100x objective immersion oil has not been applied
57
Image is too dark (3)
* Increase light intensity * Sub-stage iris diaphragm is not open enough * Condenser is too low
58
Image is too light (2)
* Decrease light intensity * Sub-stage iris diaphragm is open too much
59
Spot in the field of view that doesn’t move when the slide is moved (1)
* Lens is dirty. Clean both the objective and eyepiece.
60
Poor image quality, poor resolution, image not sharp (100x oil objective) (3)
* Clean objective, eyepiece and condenser * Check if immersion oil is contaminated or cloudy or air bubbles are present * Slide is wrong way up
61
Poor image quality, poor resolution, image not sharp (40x objective) (1)
* There is dirt or oil on the lens
62
Uneven illumination (2)
* Adjust condenser * Make sure objective has clicked into place
63
Flickering light (4)
* Bulb needs replacement * Loose connection at the outlet * Bulb not properly inserted * Check voltage supply
64
Half the viewing field is illuminated (1)
* Make sure the objective is clicked into place
65
Unable to focus the slide (4)
* Coverslip is too thick * Slide is the wrong way up * The stage is slowly dropping, adjust tension of course focus knob * Clean the slide, objective, and eyepiece
66
How should you hold a microscope? | bonus ish ?
Dominant arm holds the arm, while non-dominant arm holds the base.

mt 12 lab (2 decks)

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