Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology, 5th Form > 1. Nature And Variety Of Living Organisms > Flashcards

1. Nature And Variety Of Living Organisms Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Eukaryotic organisms:

A

. Plants
. Animals
. Fungi
. Protoctists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the common features shown by eukaryotic organisms!?

A

. Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a proper NUCLEUS. They all also have other organelles with outer membranes, such as mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do plants obtain nutrients!?

A

. Making their own complex biological molecules by PHOTOSYNTHESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Do Animals have a nervous system!?

A

. Yes, animals Have a nervous system for co-ordination and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Do Fungi reproduce !?

A

. Some have a reproductive structure- mushroom or toadstool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Protoctist cells can have :

A
  • chloroplasts
  • cell wall
  • flagella for movement
    . There is lots of variation !
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of fungi:

A

. Yeast - single celled

. Mucor - typical hyphal structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of protoctists:

A

. Amoeba - feeds on their living organisms

. Chlorella - photosynthetic

. Plasmodium - malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prokaryotic organisms:

A

. Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bacterial cells have a:

A

. Cell membrane
. Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
. Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Many bacteria have:

A

. A slime capsule
. Plasmids
. A flagellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

. Pathogens are microorganisms which cause infectious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

All viruses are…

A

. All viruses are pathogens. Bacteria, fungi and Protoctista can be pathogens as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Viruses !?

A

. Viruses are very simple - A STRAND OF GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA OR RNA) surrounded by a PROTEIN COAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are viruses alive !?

A

. Viruses are not alive and they are not cells - they don’t respire, or carry out any of the other processes that take place in living organisms (MRS C GREN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do viruses reproduce !?

A

. To reproduce, they have to enter a host cell.
- They take over the ribosomes and release enzymes in the cell to make new virus particles. When many new viruses have been made, the cell dies and the viruses are released to infect new cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can viruses infect !?

A

. Viruses can infect all other organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do decomposes feed !?

A

. DECOMPOSERS (fungi and some bacteria) feed by SAPROTROPHIC NUTRITION.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does saprotrophic nutrition work !?

A

. Decomposers secrete digestive enzymes outside of their cells onto the dead organism.
The dead organism is broken down into small, soluble molecules which are then absorbed by the decomposer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the cell wall of a bacterial cell made of !?

A

. The Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, which maintains shape and protects the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the Cytoplasm of a bacterial cell contain !?

A

. The Cytoplasm, contains the circular chromosome, where chemical reactions occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Role of a cell membrane :

A

. Controls what enters and exits the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What feature do many bacteria have which enables them to move !?

A

. A flagellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What feature do many bacteria have which offers more protection!?

A

. A slime capsule, outside the cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are plasmids !?
. Plasmids are small circles of DNA containing extra genes
26
How do pathogens harm the host cell !?
. They harm the host by releasing toxins or damaging cells
27
Example of a virus that infects plants :
- Tobacco mosaic virus causes brown patches on leaves by stopping chloroplast production
28
Example of a virus that infects humans :
- Viruses such as influenza infects humans which can cause a cough and a temperature.
29
What do plant cells have !?
. Cells have: - chloroplasts -CELLULOSE CELL WALL
30
How do plants store carbohydrates !?
. Store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
31
Are plants single celled or multicellular !?
. All multicellular, made of many (specialized) cells
32
Are animals single celled or multicellular !?
. All multicellular
33
How do animals obtain nutrients !?
. EAT OTHER LIVING THINGS to obtain nutrients
34
How do animal cells store carbohydrates !?
. They store carbohydrates as GLYCOGEN
35
Animal cells don’t have…
. Don’t have chloroplasts or cell walls
36
Are fungi single celled or multicellular !?
. Most are multicellular- consist of threads of cells called hyphae. The whole structure is called a mycelium
37
How do fungi obtain nutrients !?
. Feed by SAPROTROPHIC NUTRITION
38
Fungi cells have :
- no chloroplasts - CHITIN CELL WALL - many nuclei per cell
39
How do fungi store carbohydrates !?
. They store carbohydrates as GLYCOGEN
40
Are Protoctists single celled or multicellular !?
. Protoctista are all SINGLE CELLED
41
How do Protoctists obtain nutrients !?
. Some photosynthesise, others feed on living organisms or organic remains
42
Which Protoctista causes malaria !?
. Plasmodium
43
What is a **nucleus** !?
. A membrane sphere containing linear chromosomes of DNA
44
Which **protoctist** lives in *water* and has features like an *animal cell* !?
. Amoeba
45
Which **protoctist** has *chloroplasts* and is more like a plant !?
Chlorella
46
Which *pathogenic* **protoctist** causes *malaria*!?
Plasmodium
47
What is a **protoctist** !?
. These are microscopic single-called organisms
48
What are **fungi** !?
These are organisms that are not able to carry out photosynthesis
49
How is a **fungi** usually organised !?
Their body is usually organised into a **mycelium** made from **hyphae**; *some* examples are single called; their cell walls are made of **chitin**; they feed via **saprotrophic nutrition** ; *may* store **carbohydrates** as **glycogen**
50
What is **mycelium** that is found in **fungi** made from !?
Mycelium is made from thread-like structures called **hyphae** ( which contain many nuclei
51
What is **saprotrophic nutrition**!?
Extracellular excretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products
52
What is an **animal** !?
These are **multicellular** organisms; their cells **do not** contain *chloroplasts*; they have **no** *cell walls*; they usually have **nervous co-ordination** (can move from one place to another); they often store **carbohydrate** as **glycogen**
53
Examples of an **animal**:
Mammals (humans) Insects (mosquitos)
54
What is a **plant** !?
These are **multicellular** organisms ; their cells contain **chloroplasts** (photosynthesis); they have **cell walls**; they store **carbohydrates** as **starch** or **sucrose**
55
What is a **plant** *cell wall* made from !?
Cellulose
56
Examples of a **plant**:
Flowering plants (cereal: maize) Herbaceous legume (peas)
57
What are the common feature shown by **prokaryotic** organisms !?
They don’t have a proper nucleus. Instead the genetic material is in the cytoplasm in the form of a **single circular chromosome**
58
What is **bacteria** !?
These are microscopic **single-celled** organisms; they have a **cell wall**, **cell membrane**, **cytoplasm** and **plasmids**; they **lack** a *nucleus*; **some** carry out *photosynthesis* most feed off other **living and dead** organisms
59
What do **bacteria** have in place of a **nucleus** !?
. A circular chromosome of DNA
60
Examples of **bacteria**:
**Lactobacillus bulgaricus**, a rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of **yoghurt and milk** **Pneumococcus**, a spherical bacterium that’s acts as a pathogen causing **pneumonia**
61
How do **pathogens** harm the host!?
By releasing toxins or damaging cells
62
What is a **virus** !?
These are **not living** organisms. They are **small particles**; they are **parasitic** and can reproduce only **inside living cells**; they infect **every type of organism**; they have variety in **shapes** and **sizes**; they have **no cellular structure**
63
Size comparison: **virus** vs **bacteria**
Virus is smaller than bacteria
64
What do **viruses** have instead of a **cellular structure** !?
. They have a **protein coat** and contain **one** type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA
65
Examples of a **virus**:
Tobacco mosaic virus, causes discolouring of Tobacco plants (no chloroplast formation) Influenza, causes the “flu” HIV, causes AIDS

Biology, 5th Form (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions