1. Osteology, Arthrology, and Myology

Question 1

what are the boundaries and contents of the superior thoracic aperture?

content?

Answer 1

boundaries: T1, paired 1st ribs, superior manubrium
contents: trachea, esophagus, nerves and vesels that supply and drain head neck and UE

Question 2

what are the boundaries and contents of the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 2

boundaries: T12, ribs 11 and 12, 7th-10th costal cartilages and xiphisternal joint
contents: esophagus, inferior vena cava, aorta

Question 3

what 3 divisions make up the thoracic cavity?

Answer 3

• 2 pulmonary cavities (lateral) containing lungs and pleurae
• mediastinum (central) containing heart, thoracic great vessels, trachea, thoracic esophagus and thymus

Question 4

4 landmarks of manubrium:

• ___: superior border of manubrium
• ___: junction of manubrium and body
• ___: articulate with sternal end of clavicle
• ___: 1st and half of 2nd

Answer 4

• suprasternal notch
• sternal angle
• clavicular notch
• costal notches

Question 5

3 landmarks of sternum

• ___: junction of body and xiphoid process
• ___: half of 2nd, 3rd-6th, and half of 7th
• ___: anterior surface, between costal notches

Answer 5

• xiphoid/ sternal joint
• costal notches
• transverse ridges

Question 6

landmark of xiphoid process

- ___: half of 7th

Answer 6

costal notch

Question 7

ribs ___ are true (vertebrocostal) ribs, attaching from vertebral segments to the ___ via their own ___

Answer 7

• 1st - 7th

- sternum via their own costal cartilages

Question 8

ribs ___ are false (vertebrochondral) ribs, attaching from vertebral segments to ___ immediately ___ to that segment

Answer 8

• 8th - 10th
• costal cartilage
• superior

Question 9

___ are floating ribs

Answer 9

11 and 12

• do not attach to sternum at all

Question 10

which ribs are atypical and which are typical

Answer 10

atypical: 1st, 2nd, 10th - 12th
typical: 3rd - 9th

Question 11

head of a typical rib articulates with thoracic vertebrae

• superior articular facet: articulates with ___ on vertebral body of ___ segment
• inferior articular facet: articulates with ___ on vertebral body of ___ segment
• crest of the head: separates facets

Answer 11

• superior: inferior costal demifacet one segment above
• inferior: superior costal demifacet of same segment

same segment + hat

Question 12

tubercle of a typical rib

• articular facet: articulates with ___ on thoracic vertebrae
• nonarticular facet: attachment point for ___

Answer 12

• articular: transverse costal facet

- nonarticular: lateral costotransverse L

Question 13

body of a typical rib

• ___: houses intercostal nerve and vessels
• ___: anterolateral turning point of the rib

Answer 13

• costal groove

- costal angle

Question 14

atypical rib: 1st (broad, flat, wide)

• head: ___
• ___ : insertion point for anterior scalene m.
• groove for the subclavian a: superior aspect, ___ to the groove for the a
• groove for the subclavian v: superior aspect, ___ to the groove for the a

Answer 14

• possesses only single facet (T1)
• scalene tubercle
• posterior
• anterior

Question 15

atypical rib: 2nd (longer than 1st)

- tuberosity of ___

Answer 15

serratus anterior M

Question 16

atypical rib: 10th

- head: ___

Answer 16

• possesses only single facet

Question 17

atypical rib: 11th and 12th (short, does not attach to sternum)

• head: ___
• lacks ___

Answer 17

• possesses only single facet

- tubercle and neck

Question 18

which ribs are most commonly fractured and where

Answer 18

middle ribs, just anterior to the costal angle (weakest part)

• can damage internal organs and produce severe pain with respiration, coughing, laughing, sneezing

Question 19

where are supernumary ribs found and what problems can they cause

Answer 19

• cervical region: neural or circulatory problems based on proximity to brachial plexus and subclavian a
• lumbar region: confusion when interpreting imaging

Question 20

costal cartilages connect ribs ___ to sternum, while ribs ___ articulate with cartilage ___ before articulating with sternum

Answer 20

• 1-7

- 8-10, superior

Question 21

cartilaginous joints:

• ___: primary cartilaginous joint; characterized by ___ of hyaline cartilage between diaphysis and epiphysis of growing bone
• ___: secondary cartilaginous joint; characterized by ___ united by fibrocartilage

Answer 21

• synchondrosis; temporary cartilaginous unions

- symphysis; strong, slightly moveable joints

Question 22

sternum:
- what type of joint is the manubriosternal joint
- what type of joint is the xiphisternal joint

Answer 22

• symphysis (sternal angle and 2nd costal notch)

- synchondrosis (inferior limit of thorax, 7th costal notch)

Question 23

what type of joint is the 1st sternocostal joint? 2nd-7th?

what ligaments are associated with them?

Answer 23

• synchondrosis
• synovial planar
• anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal L
• **lecture says anterior for both, notes say anterior and posterior, book says radiate sternocostal

Question 24

what type of joints are the costovertebral joint?

what ligaments are associated with them?

Answer 24

• synovial planar

- radiate L, intraarticular L, articular capsule

Question 25

what does the radiate L attach? intraarticular?

Answer 25

- head of rib to vertebral body | - head of rib to intervertebral disc

Question 26

the head of each rib articulates with the ___ costal facet of the superior thoracic segment and the ___ of the same numbered segment the articulating facet of the costal tubercle articulates with the ___ segment

Answer 26

- inferior (one above) - superior (same) - same

Question 27

what type of joint in the costotransverse joint? what ligaments are associated with it?

Answer 27

- synovial planar | - lateral costotransverse L, superior costotransverse L

Question 28

what does the lateral costotransverse L attach to? | superior costotransverse?

Answer 28

- tubercle of rib to TP of same level | - neck of rib to TP one segment superiorly

Question 29

what two forms of movement occur at the costovertebral joint? what is the result of these movements?

Answer 29

- bucket handle: elevates lateral most portion of tib, increases transverse diameter of thorax - pump handle: elevates sternal end of rib, increases anterior to posterior diameter of thorax

Question 30

how do bucket handle and pump handle movements of the costovertebral joints produce inspiration

Answer 30

increases thoracic volume causing decreased thoracic pressure

Question 31

what type of joint is the costochondral joint?

Answer 31

synchondrosis

Question 32

___ occurs at sternocostal joints, ___ occurs at costochondral joints

Answer 32

- dislocation | - separation

Question 33

what type of joints are interchondral joints? what ligament is associated with them?

Answer 33

- planar synovial (between 6/7, 7/8, 8/9) | - fibrous (9/10)

Question 34

what type of joints are the intervertebral joints? zygapophyseal joints?

Answer 34

- symphysis | - planar synovial

Question 35

which ligament travels on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies? posterior surface, inside vertebral canal?

Answer 35

- anterior longitudinal L | - posterior longitudinal L

Question 36

which ligament is made of pale yellow fibers, traveling on the ventral surface fo vertebral laminar inside the vertebral canal?

Answer 36

ligamentum flavum

Question 37

which ligament travels between adjacent spinous processes?

Answer 37

interspinous

Question 38

which ligament exists as fibrous cords in the thoracic region?

Answer 38

intertransverse L

Question 39

which ligament travels on the dorsal surface of the spinous processes?

Answer 39

supraspinous L

Question 40

which part of the intervertebral disc in the tough fibrous outer region? soft gelatinous inner portion?

Answer 40

- annulus fibrosis | - nucleus pulposus

Question 41

intercostal m: 3

Answer 41

- external intercostal - internal intercostal - innermost intercostal 11 pairs of each

Question 42

intercostal m: external intercostal m - anteriorly muscle fibers are replaced anteriorly by ___ - inferiorly is continuous with ___

Answer 42

- external intercostal membrane | - external abdominal oblique m

Question 43

intercostal m: external intercostal m - origin: - insertion: - action: - nerve:

Answer 43

- inferior posterior border of ribs - superior anterior border of rib below - elevates ribs - intercostal n

Question 44

intercostal m: internal intercostal m - posteriorly muscle fibers are replaced by ___, which is visible in the posterior mediastinum immediately lateral to the vertebral column - inferiorly is continious with the ___

Answer 44

- internal intercostal membrane | - internal abdominal oblique m

Question 45

intercostal m: internal intercostal m - origin: - insertion: - action: - nerve:

Answer 45

- inferior anterior border of ribs - superior posterior border of ribs below - depresses ribs (interchondral part elevates) - intercostal n

Question 46

intercostal m: innermost intercostal m | - separated from the internal intercostal m by ___

Answer 46

intercostal nerve and vessels

Question 47

intercostal m: internal intercostal m - origin: - insertion: - action: - nerve:

Answer 47

- inferior border of ribs - superior border of rib below - not clear, probably same as internal intercostal - intercostal n

Question 48

thoracentesis: - insertion of hypodermic needle through intercostal musculature between ribs to ___ or ___ - needle inserted ___

Answer 48

- obtain a fluid sample or drain small amounts of blood or fluid from pleural cavity - between ribs (inferior to intercostal NV bundle but superior to collateral branches)

Question 49

chest tube: - insertion of a tube to ___ - inserted in ___

Answer 49

- remove large amounts of air, fluid, blood, or pus from pleural cavity - 5th or 6th intercostal space

Question 50

thoroscopy: | - insertion of a thoroscope into pleural cavity through small incisions for ___

Answer 50

visualizing and biopsying the space in the pleural cavity

Question 51

internal thoracic wall m: 2

Answer 51

- transverse thoracic m | - subcostal m

Question 52

internal thoracic wall m: transverse thoracic m - origin: - insertion: - action: - nerve:

Answer 52

- posterior surface of lower part of sternal body and xiphoid process - internal surface of 2nd-6th costal cartilages - depresses ribs - intercostal n

Question 53

internal thoracic wall m: subcostal m - origin: - insertion: - action: - nerve:

Answer 53

- inferior border of rib - superior border of rib (more than one rib segment above, one segment above is innermost) - probably same as internal intercostal m - intercostal n

Question 54

which muscles typically appear over the innermost intercostal m on the internal surface of the posterior thoracic wall near the angles of the ribs

Answer 54

subcostal m