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CVPR Exam I COPY > 1. Overview and Anatomy > Flashcards

1. Overview and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 functions of the CV system

A

o distributes dissolved gases & nutrients
o removes metabolic waste
o contributes to systemic homeostasis by controlling temp, O2 supply, pH, ionic composition, nutrient supply
o quickly adapts to changes in conditions and metabolic demands

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts to the CV system?

A

heart, blood, vasculature (including lymphatic sys)

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3
Q

How are the L and R heart connected?

A

They’re not

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4
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation.

A

low pressure, single pathway btw heart and lungs

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5
Q

Describe systemic circulation.

A

high pressure, multiple pathways from heart to vascular beds, arranged in parallel

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6
Q

Why is systemic circulation arranged in parallel?

A

To deliver oxygenated blood to only one organ before returing to the heart,

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7
Q

Which organ receives the majority of resting blood flow?

A

the brain

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall and what do they consist of?

A 
o epicardium (outer membrane = connective tissue & fat)
o myocardium (thick muscle layer)
o endocardium (inner membrane = enothelial cells)
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9
Q

______ encloses the entire heart.

A

Pericardium

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10
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

the outer membrane of the heart wall consisting of CT and fat

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11
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

the thick muscular middle layer of the heart wall

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12
Q

What is the thick muscular middle layer of the heart wall called?

A

the myocardium

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13
Q

What is the outer membrane of the heart wall consisting of CT and fat called?

A

the epicardium

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14
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

the inner membrane of the heart wall containing endothelial cells

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15
Q

What is the inner membrane of the heart wall containing endothelial cells called?

A

the endocardium

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16
Q

Describe the pericardium.

A

a fluid-filled sac that encloses the entire heart but is not connected to it. Stiff and non-compliant- resists sudden distention of heart chambers

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17
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the pericardium, which restricts filling of the heart

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18
Q

Which ventricle is bigger and has thicker walls?

A

the left ventricle

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19
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

between right atrium & right ventricle

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20
Q

Where is the pulmonic valve?

A

between right ventricle & pulmonary artery

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21
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

between left atrium & left ventricle

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22
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

between left ventricle & aorta

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23
Q

Which valve is between the left ventricle & aorta?

A

the aortic valve

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24
Q

Which valve is between the left ventricle & left atrium?

A

mitral valve

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25
Q

Which valve is between the right ventricle & pulmonary artery?

A

the pulmonic valve

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26
Q

Which valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

the tricuspid valve

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27
Q

Name the 2 atrioventricular valves.

A
  1. tricuspid 2. mitral
28
Q

What attaches to the atrioventricular valves?

A

chordae tendonae

29
Q

Name the 2 semilunar valves.

A
  1. pulmonic 2. aortic
30
Q

What are chordae tendonae?

A

tendon-like attachments that prevent valves from prolapsing into atria during ventricular contraction

31
Q

What are valves made of?

A

thin flaps of fibrous tissue covered by endothelium

32
Q

What is a valve prolapse?

A

major valve failure where the valve gets pushed backwards

33
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

in the wall of the R atrium

34
Q

How does the SA node depolarize? What does this do?

A

spontaneously; initiates the heart beat

35
Q

What is the intrinsic bpm for the SA node alone?

A

100 bpm

36
Q

What regulates the SA node?

A

the ANS and many humoral factors

37
Q

How does the SA node impulse spread through the atria?

A

via gap junctions

38
Q

What is the purpose of the AV node between the atria and ventricles?

A

slows conduction to allow atrial contraction to precede ventricular contraction

39
Q

What is the His-Purkinje system?

A

specialized cells that rapidly conduct depolarization to trigger coordinated ventricular contraction

40
Q

What are specialized cells that rapidly conduct depolarization to trigger coordinated ventricular contraction called?

A

the His-Purkinje system

41
Q

When does the majority of coronary blood flow occur and why?

A

during diastole bc of compression of microvasculature during systole

42
Q

Coronary blood flow depends on _____.

A

heart rate

43
Q

Describe the L main coronary artery.

A

it’s short (~1cm), bifurcates into L anterior descending artery (LAD) and circumflex artery, and is the 1a blood supply to the L atrium and L ventricle

44
Q

Describe the R main coronary artery.

A

it sits in the groove btw the R atrium and R ventricle and is the 1a blood supply to the R atrium and R ventricle, as well as parts of the post. L ventricle

45
Q

Where do the coronary veins drain?

A

into the coronary sinus

46
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain?

A

into the R atrium near the IVC

47
Q

What are the wall differences btw the aorta and the vena cava?

A

aorta: thicker wall, more elastic fibers vena cava: larger internal radius, more smooth muscle and lots more collagen fibers

48
Q

Why do arterioles have thicker walls than the arteries?

A

they have more vascular smooth muscle

49
Q

Where is the major site of regulation of vascular resistance?

A

in the arterioles

50
Q

Describe a capillary.

A

smallest vessels- single layer of epithelial cells- no smooth muscle- 1a site of gas and nutrient exchange

51
Q

Where is most of the blood volume at any given time?

A

in the veins/venules

52
Q

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel wall?

A
  1. tunica adventitia 2. tunica media 3. tunica intima
53
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A

the outermost BV layer consisting mainly of CT (collagen and elastin)

54
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

the middle BV layer consisting mostly of innervated vascular smooth muscle

55
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

the inner layer of the BV lined with vascular endothelium

56
Q

Where does athrosclerotic plaque formation occur?

A

in the tunica intima

57
Q

What are precapillary sphincters?

A

smooth muscle bands at junction of arterioles and capillaries

58
Q

How is blood flow thru capillary beds regulated?

A

constriction/dilation of arterioles and precapillary sphincters

59
Q

Movement of substances between capillaries and tissue is driven by _____ and ______.

A

concentration; pressure gradients

60
Q

What is lymph?

A

excess interstitial fluid

61
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries different?

A

they’re blind end- less numerous- much more porous w/o tight junctions

62
Q

Lymph flows into lymphatic capillaries in response to _______, _______, and _______.

A

increased interstitial pressure; contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessels; contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle

63
Q

How are lymph vessels similar to veins?

A

they have valves

64
Q

Where does lymph rejoin circulation?

A

in the subclavian veins

65
Q

What is the amount of lymph flow per day?

A

2-4 L/day

66
Q

When does edema occur?

A

when intersitial fluid exceeds the capacity of the lymphatic system

67
Q

What is the amount of blood flow per day?

A

7000L/day

CVPR Exam I COPY (29 decks)

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