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History IGCSE > 1. Peace Treaties > Flashcards

1. Peace Treaties Flashcards

1
Q

What attitude was there towards peacemaking in 1919?

A

Great optimism

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2
Q

How was Wilson’s character?

A

Idealist, reformer, obstinate

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3
Q

Name some points on Wilson’s ‘Fourteen Points’

A
  • No secret treaties
  • Free trade+access to the sea
  • Disarmament
  • Colonies’ self determination
  • League of Nations
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4
Q

What were Wilson’s main ideas towards peacemaking?

A
  • Germany should be punished, but not too harsh:
    feared revenge + rev. of extremist groups like communists. (like Russia, 1917)
  • Strengthen democracy in defeated countries:
    so that leaders couldn’t go to war
  • Self-determination (e.g. Poland, Czechoslovakia)
    International Co-operation to achieve world peace:
    LoN
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5
Q

How was the Paris Peace Conference, 1919-20 organised?

A
  • Palace of Versailles
  • Lasted 1 year
  • 32 nations (not defeated countries)
  • 5 treaties
  • Important decisions made by Big Three
  • Diplomats + Advisers were present (but big three often ignored the)
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6
Q

How was Lloyd George’s character?

A

Realist, Experienced politician.

Knew he would have to compromise.

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7
Q

What was the main problem with Wilson’s idea of Self-determination?

A

Different ethnicities of the east were scattered.

People will end up being ruled by people from another culture. (e.g. Germans in Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia)

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8
Q

How did Lloyd George disagree with Wilson’s ideas?

A
  • He didn’t like the idea of Wilson coming to rescue the European savages
  • Wanted Germany to lose their navy+empires
  • Didn’t like the idea of self-determination (Britissh empire)
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9
Q

How did Lloyd George agree with Wilson’s ideas?

A
  • Germans shouldn’t be punished too harshly:

Feared revenge, com. rev. (like Russia 1917) + loosing Germany as 2nd trading partner.

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10
Q

Why did Lloyd George experience public pressure for a harsh treaty?

A
  • British had been fed with anti-German propaganda for 4 years.
  • People saw how Germany treated Russia in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (took 1/4 of Russian pop + agricultural land)
  • Had won the 1918 election by promising to ‘make Germany pay’
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11
Q

How did Clemenceau disagree with Wilson?

A
  • Found him very hard to work with
  • Privately criticised the 14 points
  • Wanted to cripple Germany (feared an attack)
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12
Q

Why did Clemenceau experience public pressure for a harsh treaty?

A
  • 2/3 of soldiers died in WWI
  • Germany had a bigger population (75m vs 40m)
  • French president (Poincaré) wanted Germany broken into smaller states.
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13
Q

How was Clemenceau’s character?

A

Hard, tough, determined
Realist
Had seen Germany attack France twice

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14
Q

How did Clemenceau clash with Wilson during the negotiations?

A

Wilson had to give away on Saar+Rhîneland

Clemenceau (+Lloyd George) gave away on Self-determination in eastern europe.

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15
Q

How did Clemenceau clash with Lloyd George during the negotations?

A

Lloyd George wanted to treat Germany less harshly than Clemenceau.

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16
Q

How did Lloyd George and Wilson clash during the negotiations?

A

Lloyd George didn’t like 2 points of the 14:

  • self-determination (British empire)
  • Access to the sea (British Navy)
17
Q

What were the 5 main terms of the treaty?

A 
War Guilt
Reparations
Territory + colony loss
Disarmament
Accept Covenant of LoN (not invited until showing they were peaceful countries)
18
Q

What was agreed about Germany’s reparations?

A
  • 6,600m pounds (agreed on 1921)
  • Paid in resources
  • Terms changed under Young Plan, 1929
  • Germany only paid the 1921 quota
19
Q

What was agreed about Germany’s territory loss?

A
  • Anschluss with Austria forbidden
  • Alsace-Lorraine to France
  • Rhineland = DMZ
  • North Schleswig to Denmark through plebiscite.
  • Saarland run by LoN and plebiscite after 15 years.
20
Q

What was agreed about Germany’s colony loss?

A

Empire was taken away and became mandates of LoN (Britain and France therefore ruled them)
e.g. Cameroon

21
Q

What was agreed about Germany’s disarmament?

A 
No conscription
100,000 men
No tanks, submarines or aircraft.
Six battleships.
Rhineland, DMZ
22
Q

How did Germany accept the treaty?

A

New democratic Weimar Republic government (after 1914 rev.) lead by Friedrich Ebert refused at first and the German navy sank their ships in protest so Ebert agreed to accept on 28 June 1919.

23
Q

How did the Treaty of Versailles 1919, lead to political violence?

A
  • Spartacists wanted a rev. like the one from the Bolsheviks in Russia 1917.
  • 1920, Kapp Putsch (right-wing coup) failed due to a general strike from the workers.
  • 1922, Walther Rathenau murdered.
  • November 1923, Adolf Hitler, failed Munich Putsch
24
Q

How did the Treaty of Versailles lead to the Ruhr conflict, 1923?

A
  • Germany said it couldn’t afford to pay reparations
  • After the payment in 1921, it did not pay any more
  • In 1923 French+Belgian soldiers occupied the Ruhr
  • The govt. ordered a strike (the French killed 100 workers)
25
Q

How did the Treaty of Versailles lead to hyperinflation?

A
  • The government printed more money to solve Germany’s poverty.
  • The Mark became devaluated and prices rose up.
  • This helped businessmen and the govt. to pay off their debts but pensioners were devastated.
26
Q

What opinion had the Germans about the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 and the following problems?

A

Germans blamed the TofV even for problems that had little to do with it.

27
Q

What critic did John Maynard Keynes make of the treaty?

A

Wrote a very critical book:

The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1919

28
Q

What critic was made towards German opinion about the critic?

A
  • Germans were operating at a double standard (treated Russia harshly in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918 (lost 1/4 of Russian land).
  • Economic problems were caused by the debts the Kaiser acquired.
29
Q

How has the treaty been seen with hindsight?

A

Helped create the Nazi Regime and WWII

However, a lighter treaty might’ve been unacceptable for public opinion.( had been the fairest under the circumstances)

30
Q

Treaty of St Germain, 1919

A
  • Austria
  • Army of 30,000 men
  • Austro-Hungarian empire was broken (Czechoslovakia)
  • Suffered economic problems.
31
Q

Treaty of Neuilly, 1919

A
  • Bulgaria
  • Lost land (to Greece, for example)
  • army of 20,000 men
  • 10 million pounds reparation
32
Q

Treaty of Trianon, 1920

A
  • Hungary
  • Lost territory (to Czechoslovakia, for example)
  • Although supposed to, never paid reparations.
33
Q

Treaty of Sevres, 1920

A
  • Turkey
  • Army of 50,000 men
  • Lost land (to Italy+Greece for example)
  • Lost empire (e.g. Syria > League = France)
  • Turk finances were controlled by the Allies
34
Q

Why was the Treaty of Sevres, 1920 so harsh?

A
  • Italy was promised territory for supporting the allies during WWI.
  • Tripartite Agreement, 1920 (IT + GB + FR protected their interests e.g. Britain with oilfields in Irak)
35
Q

Why/How was the treaty of Lausanne, 1923 created?

A

Turkish nationalists under Mustafa Kemal set up an Assembly.
They began to try and reverse the terms of the treaty:
- Burned Smyrna and forced the Greeks out.
- Mass killing of Armenians.
- Treaty of Lausanne: Turkish borders were fixed more or less like they are now.

History IGCSE (8 decks)

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