1. Population Flashcards

(49 cards)

1
Q

What is natural increase

A

Birth rate - Death rate

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2
Q

Countries with a high natural increase

A

Niger

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3
Q

Countries with a low natural increase

A

Russia

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4
Q

Countries with a negative natural increase

A

Japan

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5
Q

Crude birth rate

A

of births in 1 year/total population

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6
Q

Crude death rate

A

deaths in 1 year/#thousand total population

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7
Q

Fertility rate

A

Number of live births per 1000 for women aged 15-49

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8
Q

Total fertility rate

A

Number of children that would be born to the average woman

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9
Q

Why are fertility rates dropping

A

Increase in the number of women working, therefore increasing the age that they have children, which decreases their chances of becoming pregnant
Increase in the use of contraceptives
Empowerment of women

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10
Q

What is the effect of more women working on total fertility rate

A

Women have less children, 1-2

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11
Q

What are examples of anti-natalist policies

A

Access to low cost contraception
Creation of family planning clinics
Media encouragement for small families
Free education for small families

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12
Q

What is infant mortality rate

A

Number of deaths of children aged less than 1 year old per 100 live births.

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13
Q

What is the neonatal mortality rate

A

Number of infant that die without surviving 28 days in one year per 1000 births

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14
Q

What is post-neonatal mortality rate

A

number of deaths of children aged between 28 days and 1 year per 1000 births

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15
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in 1959

A

65/1000

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16
Q

Infant mortality in 2017

A

27/1000

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17
Q

What has caused the decrease in the infant mortality rate

A

Vaccines, hospitals, NGO’s

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18
Q

What is relative poverty

A

Living in poverty compared to the average living standard around you

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19
Q

What is absolute poverty

A

Living with $1.90 USD a day

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20
Q

Describe a HIC population pyramid

A

Less baby girls, but baby boys have a higher mortality
Bulges show periods of immigration
Thinner middle from emigration
Bell-shaped

21
Q

Describe a LIC population pyramid

A
High death rate, high birth rate
Women live slightly longer
Less baby girls but baby boys have a higher infant mortality
large gaps between age groups
High infant death rates
HIgh youthful population
Concave shape
22
Q

Pros of a youthful population

A

Large workforce
High indigenous population
Child labour

23
Q

What ages count as young dependents

24
Q

What ages count as old dependents

25
What is demographic transition
The changes of a countries' population, birth rate and death rate according to economic development
26
Stage 1
Fluctuations in population, but still remains relatively the same High birth and death rate
27
Stage 2
Very rapid population increase Falling death rate Birth rate remains the same
28
Stage 3
Population continues to increase but less rapidly Death rate continues to gradually fall Birth rates begin decreaseing
29
Stage 4
Slow increase in total population Near-stationary death rate birth rates continue to fall
30
Stage 5 (predicted)
Decrease in total population | Death rate is greater than birth rate
31
Dependency ratio
of dependent population/working population
32
What causes the high birth rates in stage 1
No birth control High infant mortality Children are considered assets so families feel encouraged to have more
33
What causes the high death rates in stage 1
``` High infant mortality High incidence of disease Poor nutrition and occasional famine Poor housing and hygiene No healthcare ```
34
What causes the falling death rates in stage 2
Lower infant mortality Improved healthcare and hygiene Better nutrition Safe waste disposal
35
What causes the falling birth rate in stage 3
``` Smaller families Birth control Children become expensive Low infant mortality Rising urbanisation ```
36
What causes the low birth rate in stage 4
Birth control Working women have children later Low infant mortality
37
Carrying capacity
The ability of natural ecosystems to sustain continual population growth within the limit of resource abundance and within the tolerable level of environmental degradation
38
What is the ecological view on overpopulation
Overpopulation will destroy the ecology of the world
39
What is the economic view on overpopulation
Economic and technological advances will enable us to solve the problems
40
What is the social justice view on overpopulation
The root cause of overpopulation is the inequitable distribution of resources
41
What was Malthus' view on population growth
Human population growth will cause environmental degradation. Instead of trying to curb it, just let nature run its course, ie let people die of famine, disease instead of helping them. EG Lack of British reaction to the bengal famine
42
What was Karl Marx's view on population growth
Population growth results from poverty, unfair distribution of resources and resource depletion. There is enough surplus labour in the world to allow resources for everyone. Capitalism is the cause of problems, it does not produce a surplus. Capitalism can provide food and necessities, but they are unevenly distributed
43
What are the consequences of Malthusian theory
That eventually population will exceed the agricultural capacity and then be checked, for the long term or the short term
44
What are short term population checks
Famine, war, disease, increased death rate
45
What are long term population checks
Postponment of marriage Abstinence Increased cost of food
46
What was Boserup's view on population growth
Technology will adapt before the point of crisis is reached
47
Underpopulation
Few people and lots of resources
48
Overpopulation
Lots of people and not enough resources
49
Example of overpopulated country
Singapore. Their land can only support 9% of its current population