1 - pre-practical anatomy

Question 1

level of transpyloric plane?

Answer 1

L1

Question 2

surface anatomy - how do you locate transpyloric plane?

Answer 2

midpoint between jugular notch and pubic symphysis

Question 3

purpose of fascial coverings?

Answer 3

afford the kidneys protection

Question 4

peritonisation of kidney?

Answer 4

retroperitoneal

Question 5

3 posterior relations of kidneys? superior to inferior

Answer 5

diaphragm
psoas major
quadrates lumborum

Question 6

position of vessels in hilum?

Answer 6

Vein
Artery
Ureter

Question 7

origin of renal vein?

Answer 7

IVC

Question 8

origin of renal artery?

Answer 8

abdo aorta

Question 9

3 parts making up renal cortex?

Answer 9

renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule

Question 10

3 parts making up renal medulla?

Answer 10

loop of Henle
collecting tubule
collecting duct

Question 11

what type of epithelium is always present around capillaries?

Answer 11

simple squamous

Question 12

which 3 sites can uritic calculi (kidney stones) lodge?

Answer 12

origin of ureter
pelvic brim of ureter
vesico ureteric junction

Question 13

2 cavities the ureter passes through?

Answer 13

abdominal

pelvic

Question 14

name 4 components of urinary system?

Answer 14

kidneys
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

Question 15

function of kidneys?

Answer 15

maintains homeostasis by blood filtration

Question 16

function of ureter?

Answer 16

carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder

Question 17

function of urinary bladder?

Answer 17

stores urine, allows control of urination

Question 18

function of urethra?

Answer 18

carries urine from urinary bladder to outside of body

Question 19

position of kidneys?

Answer 19

in paravertebral gutters on posterior abdo wall at T12-L3

Question 20

level of hilum of kidney?

Answer 20

L1

Question 21

which kidney is lower down and why?

Answer 21

RHS and due to presence of liver

Question 22

4 layers enclosing the kidney? internal to external

Answer 22

fibrous renal capsule

fatty renal capsule

renal fascia

pararenal fatty tissue

Question 23

are kidneys stationary?

Answer 23

no - move with respiration

Question 24

retroperitoneal organs related to kidneys?

Answer 24

suprarenal glands
pancreas
duodenum

Question 25

intraperitoneal organs related to kidneys?

Answer 25

spleen stomach liver jejunum

Question 26

name 6 parts of the renal medulla?

Answer 26

``` renal pyramid minor calyx major calyx ureter renal pelvis hilum ```

Question 27

which v drains into the left renal v?

Answer 27

left gonadal vein

Question 28

which v does the right gonadal vein drain into?

Answer 28

inferior vena cava

Question 29

functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 29

nephron

Question 30

male v.s. female urethra?

Answer 30

male is longer than female

Question 31

5 functional features of the urinary system?

Answer 31

removes metabolic waste from blood via filtration & excretion regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure stabilises pH reabsorption of small molecules @ nephron produces erthyropoietin

Question 32

what is erthyropoietin?

Answer 32

stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow

Question 33

2 borders of kidney?

Answer 33

lateral border | medial border

Question 34

what gives the kidney a glossy appearance?

Answer 34

renal capsule

Question 35

6 components of renal medulla? Start from outside in

Answer 35

``` pyramid papilla minor calyx major calyx pelvis ureter ```

Question 36

location of papilla?

Answer 36

at the tip of the pyramid

Question 37

where do renal veins drain into?

Answer 37

IVC

Question 38

lymphatic drainage of kidneys?

Answer 38

lateral aortic lymph nodes

Question 39

nerve supply of kidneys?

Answer 39

renal plexus - sympathetic: T10-L1 sensory afferent: T11-L2

Question 40

describe the difference between the base and the 2 lateroposterior borders of the urinary bladder?

Answer 40

base - smooth muscle lateroposteriors - more like rugae, i.e. not smooth

Question 41

peritonisation of urinary bladder?

Answer 41

only on superior surfaces

Question 42

widest part of urethra (male)?

Answer 42

prostatic

Question 43

longest part of urethra (male)?

Answer 43

penile (spongy)

Question 44

narrowest part of urethra (male)?

Answer 44

membranous

Question 45

what does the prostatic urethra receive?

Answer 45

ejaculatory duct - | i.e. vas deferens and seminal vesicle

Question 46

which nerve constricts detrusor muscle during micturition?

Answer 46

parasympathetic nerve

Question 47

Which nerve constricts internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation?

Answer 47

sympathetic nerve

Question 48

2 components of the nephron?

Answer 48

renal corpuscles + renal tubules

Question 49

2 components of the renal corpuscles?

Answer 49

glomerulus + bowmen's capsule

Question 50

2 components of the uriniferous tubule?

Answer 50

nephron + collecting duct

Question 51

HISTOLOGY - how to differentiate the renal cortex and medulla?

Answer 51

glomerulus in cortex

Question 52

5 common conditions associated with urinary system?

Answer 52

``` UTI glomerulonephritis renal calculi kidney failure and dialysis urinary incontinence ```

Question 53

important markers for kidney disease?

Answer 53

high albumin level in urine | increased GFR

Question 54

name 2 embryological conditions?

Answer 54

horseshoe kidney | duplicated ureter