1. Professionalism and Ethics Flashcards
(45 cards)
Review from DENT552
́Distinction between ethics and morals:
́“____ refers to your own personal moral choices based on your upbringing, faith traditions, and experiences;
́____ refers to the formal process of intentionally and critically analyzing the basis for your moral judgments for clarity and consistency”
́Professionalism – relies on ____
́Comes from the word “profess” because professionals make a vow to
follow a universal moral code
́Professionals are given certain privileges by society in exchange for upholding professional ethics and serving the public
́Ethics evaluates ____
morality
ethics
ethics
behaviors
Why do we have an Ethics Class?
́Reliable moral judgment is not ____
́Your “gut feeling” may be unreliable and prejudiced ́It is not always clear what is the right thing to do
́The purpose of this class is not necessarily to make you “ethical” in the sense of increasing your desire to do the right thing or to be a “good person”
́The goal is to teach you how to view issues and reason through ethical challenges from a consistent, universal point of view rather than “____”
́Teach you tools so you can think through ethical issues yourself rather than rely on law, family, culture, authority to think for you.
́Explain WHY you believe something is right or wrong
innate
good person
Why do we have an Ethics Class?
́Can you teach someone to be “ethical”? ____!
́
́ Dramatic changes occur in young adults in their 20s and 30s in terms of the basic problem- solving strategies they use to deal with ethical issues.
́ These changes are linked to fundamental changes in how a person perceives society and his or her role in society.
́ The extent to which change occurs is associated with the number of years of ____ (college or professional school).
́ Deliberate ____ attempts (formal curriculum) to influence awareness of moral problems and to influence the reasoning or judgment process have been demonstrated to be effective.
́ Studies indicate that a person’s behavior is influenced by his or her moral ____ and moral judgments.
YES
formal education
educational
perception
Consequentialism
́Consequentialism (Utilitarianism): “ends justify the means” – John Stuart Mill
́Whether an action is good (or best possible) or bad is judged entirely based on whether the ____ of that action are good or bad
́“All is well that ends well”
́Goal is to maximize the amount of “____” you are doing – the most good for
the most people
́No action is wrong in and of itself – the action is only judged based on the ____
consequences
good
outcome
Deontology
́Deontology: “moral duty and obligation” – Immanuel Kant
́Based on moral principles, duties, or commandments – you shall and you shall not
́Judge action by whether it conforms to ____
́Ends do not justify the means
́People have ____, infinite worth
́Every rational being exists as an ____ in himself and not merely as a means to be used by others
́____ imperative: “Act in a way that your action could become a universal law of nature without contradiction” – do onto others as you would have them do onto you
principles
equal
end
categorical
Autonomy
́Right to self-____ and self-____
́Right to choose and make decisions about self (or proxy) ́Within Standard of Care
́____ consent
́Professional Autonomy: having the authority to make decisions and the freedom to act in accordance with
one’s ____ knowledge base
governance
determination
informed
professional
Veracity
́____, honesty
́Clinically: accurately describe ____ found,
document findings and procedures, use correct codes
́Academically: maintain academic ____, avoid plagiarism and cheating, do not manipulate research data/statistics
́Legally: reporting child ____, forgery
truthfulness
conditions
integrity
abuse
Beneficence
́Do ____
́Individual: treat people with ____, provide quality treatment for oral conditions within your ability and scope of practice
́Community: maintain ____ of the profession, share clinical expertise with others, provide ____ to the community
good
respect
integrity
education
Nonmaleficence
́Do No ____
́Individual: Act ____ in a manner that does not harm patient, Practice within scope of competency, Refrain from treatment when ____
́____: Ensure all personnel are well educated and competent, Prevent others from doing harm, Influence authorities to change laws and policies that cause harm
harm
conservatively
impaired
community
Justice
́ ____
́Fair does not always mean ____, equal does not
always mean fair
́Clinically: treat people without ____, maintain standard of care
́Academically: Grades and exam scores reflect ____ and skill
́Legally: Treated equally before the law, “Punishment fits the ____”
fairness equal discrimination knowledge crime
Four models of the Patient-Provider relationship
́ ____ ́ ____ ́ ____ ́ ____
́Each model has a different interpretation and balance of Autonomy and Beneficence, and differs in how the physician ought to fulfil these obligations
paternalistic
informative
interpretive
deliberative
Paternalistic
́ Provider gives the patient whatever is best for the patient – ____
́ Physician determines the treatment, and ensures that patients receive the interventions that best promote their health and well-being.
́ Assumes the patient will be ____ for decisions made by the physician even if they would not ____ to them initially.
beneficence
thankful
agree
Paternalistic
́ Assumes that there are shared ____ criteria for determining what is best, hence the physician can discern what is in the patient’s best interest with limited patient ____.
́ The physician has obligations, including that of placing the patient’s interest above his or her own and soliciting the views of others when lacking adequate knowledge.
́ The conception of patient autonomy is patient assent, either at the time or later, to the physician’s ____ of what is best.
objective
participation
determinations
Paternalistic
́ Doctor’s role: figure out what in your professional opinion would be ____ for the patient and carry out the treatment
́ Patient’s role: ____, follow whatever the doctor orders
best
passive
Informative
́ Physician provides the patient with all relevant ____, the patient ____ the medical interventions, and the physician executes the selected interventions – ____
́ Physician informs the patient of his or her disease state, the nature of possible diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, the nature and probability of risks and benefits associated with the interventions, and any uncertainties of knowledge.
́ At the extreme, patients could come to know all medical information relevant to their disease and available interventions and select the interventions that best realize their values.
information
selects
autonomy
Informative
́ The patient’s values are well defined and known; what the patient lacks is ____.
́ It is the physician’s obligation to provide all the available facts, and the patient’s values then determine what treatments are to be given.
́ There is no role for the physician’s values, the physician’s understanding of the patient’s values, or his or her judgment of the worth of the patient’s values.
́ Physician is a technical expert. Physician’s obligations are to provide truthful information, to maintain competence in their area of expertise, and to consult others when their knowledge or skills are lacking. ____
́ The conception of patient autonomy is patient ____ over medical decision making.
facts
veracity
control
Informative
́ Doctor’s role: provide all the medical ____ about the conditions, treatment options, risks and benefits, without any ____ about own thoughts, feelings, or values; carry out the treatment that the patient chooses
́ Patient’s role: know own ____ very clearly, choose off of the “menu” given by the doctor
knowledge
commentary
values
Interpretive
́ ____ the patient’s values and what he or she actually wants, and ____ the patient select the available medical interventions that realize these values.
́ Physician provides the patient with information, assists patient in elucidating and articulating their values, and helps determine which medical interventions best realize the specified values.
́ The patient’s values are not necessarily ____ or known to the patient. The physician working with the patient must elucidate and make coherent these values.
elucidate
help
fixed
Interpretive
́ Physician does not dictate to the patient nor ____ patient’s values; it is the patient who ultimately ____ which values and course of action best fit who he or she is.
́ Physician’s obligations include those enumerated in the informative model but also require engaging the patient in a ____ process of understanding.
́ Conception of patient autonomy is self-____; the patient comes to know more clearly who he or she is and how the various medical options bear on his or her identity.
judge
decides
joint
understanding
Interpretive
́ Doctor’s role: figure out and help articulate the patient’s ____, provide medical information, help ____ the patient to the treatment options that will best help serve those values
́ Patient’s role: work with the doctor to figure out own ____, follow the ____ of the doctor to achieve the values through treatment
values
guide
values
recommendations
Deliberative
́ Physician must delineate information on the patient’s ____ situation and then help ____ the types of values embodied in the available options.
́ Help the patient determine and ____ the best health-related values that can be realized in the clinical situation.
́ The physician’s objectives include suggesting why certain health related values are more ____ and should be aspired to. The physician aims at no more than ____ persuasion; coercion is avoided, and the patient must ____ his or her life and select the ordering of values to be espoused.
clinical elucidate choose worthy moral define
Deliberative
́ By engaging in moral deliberation, the physician and patient judge the worthiness and importance of the health-related values.
́ Not only does the physician indicate what the patient could do, but, knowing the patient and wishing what is best, the physician indicates what the patient ____ do, what decision regarding medical therapy would be admirable.
́ The conception of patient autonomy is moral self ____; the patient is empowered not simply to follow unexamined preferences or examined values, but to consider, through dialogue, ____ health-related values, their worthiness, and their implications for treatment.
should
development
alternative
Deliberative
́ Doctor’s role: help the patient formulate and ____ their values, provide medical information about the conditions and treatments, provide ____ about and judgment of the different values embodied by each treatment, and ____ the patient, without ____, to choose the most worthy treatment
́ Patient’s role: work with the doctor to discover and judge own ____, and then get the treatment that best ____ with these values
identify guidance persuade coercion values aligns
Beyond the Four models of the Patient-Provider relationship
́ Framework for classification of patients in terms of: ́ degree of ____
́ formation of healthcare-related ____
́ extent of medical ____
́ These models exist on a ____
́ Consider influences of other ____ in the patient’s life
́ The role of ____ in the patient-provider relationship
́ ____ has changed the relationship between doctors and patients
autonomy values information continuum people trust internet
