1. Pulmonary system Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
what happens at the alveoli?
A
Site of gas exchange for diffusion of O2 and CO2
2
Q
What is another name for Restricted lung?
A
- Pulmonary edema
3
Q
what is another name for Obstructive lung?
A
- Asthma
4
Q
The disease that fucks up the respiratory tract?
A
- pneumonia
5
Q
What is the oncological disease we studied in this system?
A
- Lung Cancer
6
Q
What os the role of pulmonary surfactant?
A
- it prevents collapsing of airways
7
Q
what do clara cells do in the bronchioles/respiratory bronchioles?
A
- secrete microenzymes to protect alveolar sac from infection
8
Q
The 2 types of alveoli cells?
A
- type 1: for structural support
- type 2: in the lumen –> SECRETE SURFACTANT (prevent airway collapsing)
9
Q
IS there such a thing as alveolar macrophages?
A
YES…. they are for the immune system and they are ready to go to battle infections
10
Q
which muscles contract during inspiration?
A
- external intercostals (side to side) and diagraphm (lowering)
11
Q
which muscles contract during expiration?
A
- Internal intercostals (reduce side to side) and abdominal muscles (diaphragm upward)
12
Q
spirometer, what is that?
A
- a device used to breathe into and assess volume of lungs
13
Q
what does TLC stand for?
A
total lung capacity, average ~ 6 liters
= RV and Vital capacity
14
Q
what is residual volume
A
- amount of air left in the lungs after expiration
15
Q
anatomical deadspace?
A
- contributes to RV
16
Q
tidal volume?
A
normal quiet breathing, normal inspiration and expiration
17
Q
Gas exchange partial pressure:
A
- O2 and CO2 drive this exchange, there is different concentration locations throughout the pulmonary system, and in general these gases move from high to low
18
Q
Aging in the pulmonary system?
A
chest wall: decrease compliance, decrease intercostal muslce strength, decrease elastic recoil,
gas exchange: decrease pulmonary capillary, alveoli dilate, decrease gas exchange area, decrease immune response
19
Q
what is dyspnea? (clinical manis)
A
- shortness of breath/troubled breathing
20
Q
why do we cough? (clinical manis)
A
- it is a protective reflex
21
Q
what is abnormal sputum?
A
- pus formation/mucus
22
Q
what is hemoptysis?
A
- when you cough up blood
23
Q
abnormal breathing pattern examples?
A
- hypoventilation
- hyperventilation
24
Q
cyanosis?
A
- blue ish coloring of the digits due to lack of oxygen
25
clubbing?
- digital clubbing edema at the end of the distal digits. --> proliferation of CT at the finger tips.
26
Pulmonary Edema (restrictive lung)
- excess water in the lungs --> due to capillary network compromised also lung stiffening
27
pathophysiology of Pulmonary Edema?
- left sided heart disease
| - capillary injury
28
clinical manisfestations of pulmonary edema?
- Dyspnea, hypoxemia, increased work of breathing
29
treatment: of pulmonary edema ?
- direutics, vasodilators, supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation
30
the general steps of pulmonary edema?
I. valvular dysfunction, coronary artery disease, left ventricular dysfunction
- -> increase left artrial pressure
- -> increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
II. injury to capillary endothelium
III. blockage of lympathic vessels.
31
treatment of pulmonary edema acronym?
MADDOG: morphine
aminophylline, digitalis (open airways and anti-inflammatory)
diuretics (excrete fluid), oxygen (assist breathing), gases in blood (monitor arteriole blood gas)
32
Obstructive Lung disease? and the 3 mechanisms
airway obstruction
1. Emphysema
2. Chronic bronchitis
3. Asthma
33
emphysema definition?
- alveolar wall destruction, and overinflation
34
chronic bronchitis defintion?
- productive cough, airway inflammation
35
asthma definition?
bronchiole hyper responsiveness triggered by allergens and/or infections
main cause: antigen gets into the airway
36
what makes up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
1. Emphysema(alveolar wall destruction) and
| 2. Chronic Bronchitis (airway inflammation)
37
Asthma (obstructive lung disease)
- it is a chronic finallamtory disorder of the bronchiole mucosa that causes bronchiole hyperresponsiveness, contriction of the airways, and obstructive airflow
38
Asthma pathophys:
- familial disorder
| - airway epithelial epxosure to antigen initiates innate and adaptive immune response
39
clinical manifestation: Asthma
- chest constriction, expiratory wheezing dyspnea, nonproductive coughing. tachypnea (respiratory rate increases)
40
Asthma pathway:
1. antigen enters the airway by injuring epithelium and enters deep bronchioles
2. mast cell release mediators (mucous secretion)
3. neutrophil activation
4. Dendritic cells --> Stimulate helper cells --> positive feedback loop activate other B cells -->
5. Overall hyper stimulation of immune response
41
Treatment: ASTHMA acronym
```
Adrenergics
steroids
theophylline
hydration
mask
antibiotics
```
42
Pneumonia (respiratory tract infection) definition?
- infection of low respiratory tract due to bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa
43
Pneumonia pathophys?
- aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions
44
Pneumonia clinical manisfestations?
- fever, chills, productive/dry cough, malaise, pleural pain
45
Pneumonia pathway ?
- aspiration of Strept. penumonia
- antigen adheres to alveolar macrophages
- inflammatory response: attraction of neutrophils, release inflammatory mediators,
- -> red hepatization (infiltration of RBCs and neutrophils, fibrin and alveoli) bad
- -> gray hepatization (phagocytosis --> immune system is sucessful at fighting infection) good
46
Pneumonia evaluation? acronym
```
CURB65
Confusion
uremia
respiratory rate >30
blood pressure is low
65 years or older
```
47
Lung Cancer (Cancer Respiratory Tract)
- tumors that arise from the epithelium of the respiratory tract
trivia: most common cancer diagnosed that causess death
48
Lung Cancer pathophys?
- Tobacco use
| - non small vs small cell
49
Lung Cancer clinical manisfestations?
- cough, hemoptysis, sputum production, irway obstructions, chest wall pain, dyspnea
50
percentage of lung cancer cases non small vs small?
- non small - 75%
| - small - 25%
51
Lung cancer pathogenesis
smoking --> causes activation of k-ras (oncogene)
non-smoking --> EGFR signaling (growth factor in lung epithelium) due to asbestos, radiation, smog, environmental epigenetic exposure
52
Patient case: COPD
| is a combination of what 2 diseases?
- emphysema (alveolar wall tissue break down)
| - chronic bronchitis (airway lining inflammation associated with cough)
53
copd pathogenesis
1. Less air flows in and out of the airways
2. decrease elasticity
3. air sac walls destroyed
4. walls thicken and inflamed
5. increase in mucus
54
COPD clinical mansifestations:
- barrel chest: widened chest cavitiy
- Cor pulmonale - righ sided heart failure
- digital clubbing: proliferation of CT at distal digits
